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Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the male reproductive organs (10)

A

Testes, epididymis, penis, urethra, ductus deferens, bulbourethral gland, prostate, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

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2
Q

What are the female reproductive organs (5)

A

Vulva, vagina, uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes

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3
Q

What structures are in the scrotum outside the body

A

Testis (sperm production), epididymis (sperm storage) - both need it to be a bit colder than body temp

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4
Q

What are the two muscles controlling movement of the scrotum

A

Dartos (smooth that wrinkles skin to increase thickness for warmth), and cremaster (skeletal that elevates testes for warmth from the body)

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5
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus

A

Venous network that absorbs heat from arterial blood supplying testes (via cross current exchange)

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6
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum deep to the muscle

A

Tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

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7
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis

A

Serous membrane pinched off of peritoneum (lubricates to reduce friction)

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8
Q

What is the tunica albuginea

A

Fibrous capsule directly surrounding the testes (outer layer)

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9
Q

What is cryptochidism

A

Undescended testis or testes that can negatively affect sperm production

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10
Q

How does the tunica albuginea divide the testes

A

Pushes in to separate lobules of seminiferous tubules (produce sperm)

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11
Q

What is the rete testes

A

Pathway for sperm from seminiferous tubules to epididymis (drains tubules)

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12
Q

What is spermatogenisis

A

Sperm formation within seminiferous tubules, released into the lumen mature but immotile

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13
Q

What are the 3 regions of the epididymis

A

Head (immotile sperm enter efferent ductules from rete testis), body (central portion made of duct that drains efferent ductules), and tail (20 days later, motile sperm stored here)

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14
Q

What happens after ejaculation

A

Sperm travels through the ductus deferens in the spermatic cord into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal (superficial opening/hole)

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15
Q

What is a vasectomy

A

Ductus deferens cut and tied off or cauterized to prevent leakage of sperm (still released and produced but phagocytized in epididymis)

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16
Q

What is the sperm pathway

A

Seminal vesicle to ejaculatory duct to prostate gland to bulbourethral gland

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17
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do

A

Produce most of seminal fluid with fructose (sugars) to nourish and prostaglandins to stimulate uterine contractions

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18
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct

A

Formed by seminal vesicle and ductus deferens, houses semen (sperm and seminal fluid)

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19
Q

What does the prostate gland do

A

Provides rest of seminal fluid that enhances sperm mobility (clotting proteins help with delivery and then liquify)

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20
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do

A

Secretes basic fluid that neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates it to prepare for ejaculation

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21
Q

What are the 3 segments of the male urethra

A

Prostatic (passes through prostate gland and empties bladder), membranous (passes through pelvic floor - shortest), and spongy (passes through penile tissue)

22
Q

What is the opening of the urethra called

A

External urethral orifice

23
Q

What is the erectile tissue of the penis

A

Smooth muscle and connective tissue surrounded by dense CT (vascular spaces filled with blood), has 2 sections

24
Q

What are the sections of erectile tissue in the penis called

A

Corpus cavernosum (2) and corpus spongiosum

25
Q

What does the corpus cavernosum do

A

Primary erectile bodies with arteries through their center

26
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum do

A

Keeps urethra open during ejaculation, has the glans penis that extends to the very end (covered by foreskin)

27
Q

What is the vulva

A

The external female genitalia made of the labia majora and labia minora

28
Q

What are the labia majora

A

Outer folds of the vulva made from same tissue as scrotum, protective

29
Q

What are the labia minora

A

Inner folds of the vulva made of same tissue as corpus spongiosum (protective)

30
Q

What is the clitoris

A

Erectile tissue homologous to corpus cavernosa

31
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands that produce milk instead of sweat when stimulated by hormones

32
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of mammary glands

A

Adipose tissues (amount genetically determined), cells of alveoli produce milk, alveoli grouped in lobules, lobules drained by lactiferous glands

33
Q

Describe the first phase of the ovarian cycle (oogenisis)

A

Follicular phase (days 1-14): starts with menstrual cycle (menstrual and proliferative phases), primary follicles have oocyte within them, 1 stimulated to mature then ovulated

34
Q

Describe the second phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Luteal phase (days 14-28): lines up with secondary phase of menstrual cycle, corpus luteum communicates with uterus that egg is on its way

35
Q

What are the characteristics of the corpus luteum

A

Becomes endocrine structure after releasing oocyte, releases progesterone and estrogens to prepare uterus for possible fertilized egg, breaks down at end of cycle if no implantation

36
Q

What happens one an oocyte is ovulated

A

It’s released into the pelvic cavity because the ovary and uterus aren’t connected and picked up by the tube

37
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the uterine tube

A

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium, has fimbriae, site of fertilization, carries oocyte from ovary to uterus to implant

38
Q

What are fimbriae

A

Ciliated edges of uterine tube that create suction and undulate to draw the oocyte into the tube

39
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

Embryo implants on wall of uterine tube (not in uterus) and can rupture the wall

40
Q

What are the characteristics of the uterus

A

Where a fertilized embryo implants and develops, sits on top of bladder, has 3 layers

41
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall

A

Perimetrium, Myometrium, and endometrium

42
Q

What is the perimetrium

A

Outer layer of the uterine wall, visceral peritoneum (serous membrane)

43
Q

What is the myometrium

A

Smooth muscle layer (thickest layer of uterine wall)

44
Q

What is endometrium

A

Inner lining of uterine wall that changes in response to hormones (based on what’s happening in ovaries), simple columnar epithelium in top of 2 layers

45
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium

A

Stratum functionalis (lamina propria that thickens and sheds under hormonal control) and stratum basalis (lamina propria that doesn’t shed) separated by constricting blood vessels

46
Q

What is endometriosis

A

Stratum functionalis grows outside of the uterus but still responds to hormonal changes

47
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual, proliferative, and secondary

48
Q

What is the menstrual phase

A

Day 1-6, stratum functionalis sheds and new oocytes develope in ovary

49
Q

What is the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Days 6-14, stratum functionalis rebuilds, oocytes released at the end of this phase

50
Q

What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Days 15-28, endometrium increases nutrients to prepare for possible implantation (signaled by corpus luteum releasing hormones)

51
Q

What is the cervix

A

The lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina and vagina canal

52
Q

What is the vagina

A

External opening of female reproductive system lined by stratified squamous epithelium (continuous with skin)

Anatomy (16 decks)

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