Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
What do arteries do
A
Carry blood (mostly oxygenated) away from the heart
2
Q
What do veins do
A
Carry blood towards the heart
3
Q
What is the connective tissue in the Cardiovascular System
A
Blood
4
Q
What is the extra cellular matrix of the Cardiovascular System
A
Plasma
5
Q
What are the two circuits of the Cardiovascular System
A
Pulmonary and Systemic
6
Q
What is the path of the Pulmonary Circuit
A
Right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, systemic circuit
7
Q
What is the pulmonary circuit
A
The route between the heart and the lungs that allows blood to dump CO2 and pick up O2
8
Q
What is the systemic circuit
A
Route between the heart and tissues (other than the lungs) of the body to bring O2 out to cells
9
Q
What is the path of the systemic circuit
A
Left ventricle, aorta and branches, cells of the body, veins, right atrium of heart, pulmonary circuit
10
Q
What is the strongest chamber of the heart
A
The left ventricle
11
Q
What is TGA
A
Transportation of great arteries where the aorta and pulmonary trunk are switched
12
Q
What is the result of TGA
A
Blood leaving the right ventricle would never get to the lungs and blood leaving the left ventricle would travel to the lungs —> (right side always unoxygenated and left side always oxygenated)
13
Q
What is the heart contained within
A
The pericardial sac known as the pericardium
14
Q
What is the function of the pericardial sac
A
It holds the heart in place by connecting to blood vessels and the diaphragm
15
Q
What is the fibrous pericardium
A
Dense irregular CT outer layer of sac that anchors the heart and prevents overfilling
16
Q
What is the serous pericardium
A
Serous membrane around the heart with parietal and visceral layers as well as a pericardial cavity
17
Q
What does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium do
A
Inner layer of the sac that secretes serous fluid
18
Q
What does the visceral layer of the serous pericardium do
A
Outer layer of heart that secreted lubricating serous fluid
19
Q
What is the epicardium
A
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium (outer layer of the heart)
20
Q
What is the pericardial cavity
A
The space between parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium that’s filled with serous fluid
21
Q
What is the myocardium
A
Cardiac muscle tissue (thickness determines strength of the heart)
22
Q
What is the endocardium
A
Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner chambers of the heart and all blood vessels
23
Q
What layers make up the pericardial sac
A
Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, and pericardial cavity
24
Q
What layers make up the heart wall
A
Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
25
What are the chambers of the heart
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle
26
What are the structures of the right atrium
Superior and inferior vena cava, and the tricuspid valve
27
What do the superior and inferior vena cava do
Large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body (superior drains from upper body, inferior from lower)
28
What does the tricuspid valve do
Separate the right atrium from the right ventricle
29
What’s another name for the tricuspid valve
The right atrioventricular valve
30
What are the structures of the right ventricle
Chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, and the pulmonary semilunar valve
31
What are chordae tendineae (heart strings)
Dense regular CT that attach cups of tricuspid/bicuspid valves to the ventricle wall via papillary muscles and prevent cusps from swinging too far and inverting
32
What is the papillary muscle
Projection of myocardium that anchors chordae tendineae
33
What does the pulmonary semilunar valve do
Separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk (artery)
34
What are the structures of the left atrium
Pulmonary veins and the bicuspid valve
35
What do pulmonary veins do
Return oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs (only veins in the body with oxygenated blood)
36
What does the bicuspid valve do
Separate the left atrium from the left ventricle
37
What are other names for the bicuspid valve
The mitral valve or the left atrioventricular valve
38
What are the structures of the left ventricle
Chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, aortic semilunar valve, and myocardium
39
What does the aortic semilunar valve do
Separate the left ventricle from the aorta (blood pumps into the aorta via this valve)
40
What is significant about the myocardium of the left ventricle
It is much thicker because more force is needed to pump blood to all the systems of the body
41
How does blood flow through the heart
Low O2 blood enters right atrium, passes tricuspid valve into right ventricle, passes pulmonary semilunar valve into lungs, oxygenated blood goes back to left side of the heart through pulmonary veins into the left atrium, blood passes through bicuspid valve into left ventricle, blood passes aortic semilunar valve to circulate O2 rich blood throughout body
42
What are the cups of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves made of
Endocardium (simple squamous) reinforced with dense CT
43
What is the resting state of the atrioventricular valves
Open
44
How do the semilunar valves work
Look like pockets that prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles, when ventricles contract the blood pushes them open, and once relaxed blood fills the pockets and closes them
45
What could happen if the chordae tendineae are too long
Blood could leak back into the atriums causing a heart murmur
46
What is a heart murmur
Noise in the heart caused by blood leaking past a closed valve
47
What are the two most common causes of a heart murmur
Mitral valve prolapse or stenosis
48
What is a mitral valve prolapse
Most common cause of heart murmur resulting from weakness in collagen fibers of the valve or chordae tendineae
49
What is a stenosis
Cause of a heart murmur where the opening between the mitral valves is narrowed (could be caused by calcium deposits or illness) that prevents the valves from opening or closing properly
50
What cells send an electrical impulse through the myocardium of the heart wall
Specialized cardiac muscle cells
51
What are intercalated discs
Where cardiac muscle cells connect
52
What plays a big role in allowing specialized cardiac muscle to conduct impulses instead of contracting
Gap junctions
53
What do gap junctions do
Allow for quick communication between cells for coordinated contractions
54
What are fascia adherens
Desmosomes like connections that provide strength (can be torn apart which results in death)
55
What conducts in the heart
Nodes and bundles of cardiac muscle
56
What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node
In the right atrium it initiates an electrical impulse (pacemaker) via inherent rhythmicity/automaticity
57
What is the Internodal pathway
Group of cells that carries and impulse away from the SA node to the AV node
58
What is the Atrioventricular (AV) node
Delays the electrical impulse before it is passed on to the ventricles
59
What is the fibrous skeleton
Barrier of collagen fibers between atria and ventricles that stops and impulse from passing so the chambers can’t communicate
60
What is the one way for a signal to get from the atria to the ventricles
Through the AV node
61
What are the 5 conducting systems of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
62
What conducting systems of the heart are responsible for ventricle contracting
AV bundle, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers
63
How do the chambers of the heart contract
Atria from top to bottom, ventricles from bottom to top
64
What does systole mean
Contraction/forcing blood out
65
What does diastole mean
Relaxation/filling with blood
66
What are the atrial states in each phase
1) systole (emptying), 2) diastole (filling), 3) diastole
67
What are the ventricle states in each phase
1) diastole (filling), 2) systole (emptying), 3) diastole
68
What are the states of the AV valves in each phase
1) open, 2) closed, 3) open
69
What are the states of the SL valves in each phase
1) closed, 2) open, 3) closed
70
How does the heart get external blood supply (4)
From the left and right coronary arteries and branches, anterior interventricular artery, and coronary sinus
71
What is Atherosclerosis
Build up of plaques that narrow and harden arteries of the heart can be caused by damage to endothelium via inflammatory response to smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, etc., or cholesterol, calcium, and lipids can attach to damaged lining and harden into plaques
72
What are the treatments for atherosclerosis
Stents or bypass surgery
73
What is a myocardial infarction
Heart attack resulting from blood not reaching cardiac tissue
74
What is a thrombus
A blood clot
75
What does ischemic mean
Restriction of blood supply resulting in oxygen and glucose deprived tissues
76
What is a balloon angioplasty with a stent
One alternative to bypass surgery if just one blood vessel is blocked off (balloon catheter inserted, explained, stent permanently stays to keep blood vessel open)
77
What is a coronary bypass
For when there’s multiple blood vessels blocked or plaque buildup again after angioplasty, saphenous vein in the leg or mammillary artery used to bypass
78
What are lymph vessels
Simple squamous epithelium lined vessels that transports lymph (fluid built up in tissues) one way (not a circuit)
79
What are the layers of vessel walls
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
80
What are the layers of the tunica intima
Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and subendothelial loose areolar CT
81
What is the tunica media layer made of and why
Smooth muscle to allow the vessel to change diameter (vasoconstriction)
82
What is the tunica externa made of
Loose areolar CT and vaso vasorum (blood vessels because it’s so thick the vessel walls need supply)
83
What’s the difference between vessel walls of arteries and veins
Arterial walls are thicker (because higher pressure), veins have a tunica externa thats as thick or thicker, arteries have thicker tunica media with more elastic fibers
84
Do arteries or veins appear smaller and more rounded in their x-section
Arteries
85
What’s special about the tunica intima of veins
It forms valves (forms into the lumen to prevent blood from flowing back)
86
What is the system of vessels
Heart to elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to medium veins to large veins and back to the heart
87
What are the characteristics of elastic arteries
Largest (branches near heart), high concentration of elastin in tunica media to allow for quick recoil when blood pressure drops between ventricular contractions
88
What are the 4 characteristics of muscular arteries
Majority, supply organs and skeletal muscle, less elastin and more smooth muscle in tunica media for more control over lumen side of vessel to adjust blood flow, and surrounded by sheets of elastin (internal and external elastic membranes)
89
What are the characteristics of arterioles
Branches of muscular arteries that constrict and dilate quickly to regulate blood flow to capillaries
90
What are the differences between larger and smaller arterioles
Larger will have all 3 tunics and elastic lamina, smaller with have tunica media and endothelium only
91
What are the 6 structures of a capillary bed
Terminal arteriole, precapillary sphincters, metarteriole, true capillaries, thoroughfare channel, and postcapillary venule
92
What are the 5 characteristics of capillaries
About as big as 1 red blood cell, thin walls (endothelium and basement membrane CT) lack tunica media and tunica externa layers, form capillary beds, and have precapillary sphincters
93
What are precapillary sphincters
Smooth muscle that regulates blood flow (when open, blood fills capillary beds)
94
What is the function of the thoroughfare channel
To allow a path for blood to get through capillary bed even with closed sphincters (must also pass through metarteriole)
95
Why is it efficient to have blood go through capillaries single file
To allow for maximum exchange of O2 and CO2 through the capillary wall
96
What are the 3 types of capillaries based on permeability
Continuous (least leaky), fenestrated, and sinusoidal (most leaky)
97
What are the 4 characteristics of continuous capillaries
Most common (skin, skeletal muscles, nervous system/brain), tight junctions connecting cells, intercellular clefts, complete basement membrane (solid sheet of CT)
98
What are intercellular clefts
Areas where there’s no cell junction
99
What are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries
Found where there’s lots of exchange between tissues and blood (digestive organs), pores through endothelial cells (fenestrations), complete basement membrane
100
What are the characteristics of a sinusoidal capillary (discontinuous)
Special fenestrated capillary that allows for passage of large materials (proteins, blood cells), large intercellular cleft and incomplete basement membrane (looks shredded), fewer tight junctions, in spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and kidneys
101
What are mechanisms to counteract low venous pressure
Valves and pushing and squeezing of veins by adjacent organs and muscles
102
What are varicose veins
Usually superficial veins of lower leg, caused by failure of valves that allows blood to pool which stretches the veins and misshapes the vessels
103
What are the 3 functions of blood
Distribute and remove O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., regular body temp and pH, and prevent infection (white blood cells)
104
What are the formed elements of blood
Cellular components that make up 45% of blood: erythrocytes (red blood cells), and buffy coat made of leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets
105
What is the plasma of blood
Extracellular matrix: ~55% water, dissolved solutes (wastes, nutrients, hormones), proteins (albumin binds solutes and fibrinogen clots bloods)
106
What are the 6 characteristics of an erythrocyte
Mature RBC, anycleate (no nucleus) and no organelles, anaerobic (doesn’t need O2), glycolysis of glucose for energy, 97% hemoglobin to bind gases, biconcave (lots of surface area to volume), live 3-4 months
107
What is hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
New RBCs form from stem cells in red bone marrow, iron needed to make new cells/hemoglobin (some recycled from old RBCs)
108
What is anemia
Lower #RBCs to carry O2 to tissues in body, usually from low levels of iron
109
What are the 3 characteristics of Leukocytes
Complete cells (organelle and nucleus), diapedesis (squeeze through capillary walls), and part of immune response (increase in # to fight infection)
110
What are platelets
Cell fragments (pinched off of a megakaryocyte found in bone marrow) that’s important for clotting
111
What is the treatment if a mom has Rh antibodies and an Rh-positive baby for the second time
Rhogam injection
112
What is the universal donor
O-
113
What is the universal acceptor
AB+
