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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry blood (mostly oxygenated) away from the heart

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2
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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3
Q

What is the connective tissue in the Cardiovascular System

A

Blood

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4
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix of the Cardiovascular System

A

Plasma

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5
Q

What are the two circuits of the Cardiovascular System

A

Pulmonary and Systemic

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6
Q

What is the path of the Pulmonary Circuit

A

Right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, systemic circuit

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

The route between the heart and the lungs that allows blood to dump CO2 and pick up O2

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8
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

Route between the heart and tissues (other than the lungs) of the body to bring O2 out to cells

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9
Q

What is the path of the systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle, aorta and branches, cells of the body, veins, right atrium of heart, pulmonary circuit

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10
Q

What is the strongest chamber of the heart

A

The left ventricle

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11
Q

What is TGA

A

Transportation of great arteries where the aorta and pulmonary trunk are switched

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12
Q

What is the result of TGA

A

Blood leaving the right ventricle would never get to the lungs and blood leaving the left ventricle would travel to the lungs —> (right side always unoxygenated and left side always oxygenated)

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13
Q

What is the heart contained within

A

The pericardial sac known as the pericardium

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14
Q

What is the function of the pericardial sac

A

It holds the heart in place by connecting to blood vessels and the diaphragm

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15
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium

A

Dense irregular CT outer layer of sac that anchors the heart and prevents overfilling

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16
Q

What is the serous pericardium

A

Serous membrane around the heart with parietal and visceral layers as well as a pericardial cavity

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17
Q

What does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium do

A

Inner layer of the sac that secretes serous fluid

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18
Q

What does the visceral layer of the serous pericardium do

A

Outer layer of heart that secreted lubricating serous fluid

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19
Q

What is the epicardium

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium (outer layer of the heart)

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20
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

The space between parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium that’s filled with serous fluid

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21
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle tissue (thickness determines strength of the heart)

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22
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner chambers of the heart and all blood vessels

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23
Q

What layers make up the pericardial sac

A

Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, and pericardial cavity

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24
Q

What layers make up the heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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25
Q

What are the chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

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26
Q

What are the structures of the right atrium

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, and the tricuspid valve

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27
Q

What do the superior and inferior vena cava do

A

Large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body (superior drains from upper body, inferior from lower)

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28
Q

What does the tricuspid valve do

A

Separate the right atrium from the right ventricle

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29
Q

What’s another name for the tricuspid valve

A

The right atrioventricular valve

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30
Q

What are the structures of the right ventricle

A

Chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, and the pulmonary semilunar valve

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31
Q

What are chordae tendineae (heart strings)

A

Dense regular CT that attach cups of tricuspid/bicuspid valves to the ventricle wall via papillary muscles and prevent cusps from swinging too far and inverting

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32
Q

What is the papillary muscle

A

Projection of myocardium that anchors chordae tendineae

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33
Q

What does the pulmonary semilunar valve do

A

Separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk (artery)

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34
Q

What are the structures of the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins and the bicuspid valve

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35
Q

What do pulmonary veins do

A

Return oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs (only veins in the body with oxygenated blood)

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36
Q

What does the bicuspid valve do

A

Separate the left atrium from the left ventricle

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37
Q

What are other names for the bicuspid valve

A

The mitral valve or the left atrioventricular valve

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38
Q

What are the structures of the left ventricle

A

Chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, aortic semilunar valve, and myocardium

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39
Q

What does the aortic semilunar valve do

A

Separate the left ventricle from the aorta (blood pumps into the aorta via this valve)

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40
Q

What is significant about the myocardium of the left ventricle

A

It is much thicker because more force is needed to pump blood to all the systems of the body

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41
Q

How does blood flow through the heart

A

Low O2 blood enters right atrium, passes tricuspid valve into right ventricle, passes pulmonary semilunar valve into lungs, oxygenated blood goes back to left side of the heart through pulmonary veins into the left atrium, blood passes through bicuspid valve into left ventricle, blood passes aortic semilunar valve to circulate O2 rich blood throughout body

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42
Q

What are the cups of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves made of

A

Endocardium (simple squamous) reinforced with dense CT

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43
Q

What is the resting state of the atrioventricular valves

A

Open

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44
Q

How do the semilunar valves work

A

Look like pockets that prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles, when ventricles contract the blood pushes them open, and once relaxed blood fills the pockets and closes them

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45
Q

What could happen if the chordae tendineae are too long

A

Blood could leak back into the atriums causing a heart murmur

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46
Q

What is a heart murmur

A

Noise in the heart caused by blood leaking past a closed valve

47
Q

What are the two most common causes of a heart murmur

A

Mitral valve prolapse or stenosis

48
Q

What is a mitral valve prolapse

A

Most common cause of heart murmur resulting from weakness in collagen fibers of the valve or chordae tendineae

49
Q

What is a stenosis

A

Cause of a heart murmur where the opening between the mitral valves is narrowed (could be caused by calcium deposits or illness) that prevents the valves from opening or closing properly

50
Q

What cells send an electrical impulse through the myocardium of the heart wall

A

Specialized cardiac muscle cells

51
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

Where cardiac muscle cells connect

52
Q

What plays a big role in allowing specialized cardiac muscle to conduct impulses instead of contracting

A

Gap junctions

53
Q

What do gap junctions do

A

Allow for quick communication between cells for coordinated contractions

54
Q

What are fascia adherens

A

Desmosomes like connections that provide strength (can be torn apart which results in death)

55
Q

What conducts in the heart

A

Nodes and bundles of cardiac muscle

56
Q

What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

In the right atrium it initiates an electrical impulse (pacemaker) via inherent rhythmicity/automaticity

57
Q

What is the Internodal pathway

A

Group of cells that carries and impulse away from the SA node to the AV node

58
Q

What is the Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Delays the electrical impulse before it is passed on to the ventricles

59
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton

A

Barrier of collagen fibers between atria and ventricles that stops and impulse from passing so the chambers can’t communicate

60
Q

What is the one way for a signal to get from the atria to the ventricles

A

Through the AV node

61
Q

What are the 5 conducting systems of the heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

62
Q

What conducting systems of the heart are responsible for ventricle contracting

A

AV bundle, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers

63
Q

How do the chambers of the heart contract

A

Atria from top to bottom, ventricles from bottom to top

64
Q

What does systole mean

A

Contraction/forcing blood out

65
Q

What does diastole mean

A

Relaxation/filling with blood

66
Q

What are the atrial states in each phase

A

1) systole (emptying), 2) diastole (filling), 3) diastole

67
Q

What are the ventricle states in each phase

A

1) diastole (filling), 2) systole (emptying), 3) diastole

68
Q

What are the states of the AV valves in each phase

A

1) open, 2) closed, 3) open

69
Q

What are the states of the SL valves in each phase

A

1) closed, 2) open, 3) closed

70
Q

How does the heart get external blood supply (4)

A

From the left and right coronary arteries and branches, anterior interventricular artery, and coronary sinus

71
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of plaques that narrow and harden arteries of the heart can be caused by damage to endothelium via inflammatory response to smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, etc., or cholesterol, calcium, and lipids can attach to damaged lining and harden into plaques

72
Q

What are the treatments for atherosclerosis

A

Stents or bypass surgery

73
Q

What is a myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack resulting from blood not reaching cardiac tissue

74
Q

What is a thrombus

A

A blood clot

75
Q

What does ischemic mean

A

Restriction of blood supply resulting in oxygen and glucose deprived tissues

76
Q

What is a balloon angioplasty with a stent

A

One alternative to bypass surgery if just one blood vessel is blocked off (balloon catheter inserted, explained, stent permanently stays to keep blood vessel open)

77
Q

What is a coronary bypass

A

For when there’s multiple blood vessels blocked or plaque buildup again after angioplasty, saphenous vein in the leg or mammillary artery used to bypass

78
Q

What are lymph vessels

A

Simple squamous epithelium lined vessels that transports lymph (fluid built up in tissues) one way (not a circuit)

79
Q

What are the layers of vessel walls

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

80
Q

What are the layers of the tunica intima

A

Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and subendothelial loose areolar CT

81
Q

What is the tunica media layer made of and why

A

Smooth muscle to allow the vessel to change diameter (vasoconstriction)

82
Q

What is the tunica externa made of

A

Loose areolar CT and vaso vasorum (blood vessels because it’s so thick the vessel walls need supply)

83
Q

What’s the difference between vessel walls of arteries and veins

A

Arterial walls are thicker (because higher pressure), veins have a tunica externa thats as thick or thicker, arteries have thicker tunica media with more elastic fibers

84
Q

Do arteries or veins appear smaller and more rounded in their x-section

A

Arteries

85
Q

What’s special about the tunica intima of veins

A

It forms valves (forms into the lumen to prevent blood from flowing back)

86
Q

What is the system of vessels

A

Heart to elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to medium veins to large veins and back to the heart

87
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic arteries

A

Largest (branches near heart), high concentration of elastin in tunica media to allow for quick recoil when blood pressure drops between ventricular contractions

88
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of muscular arteries

A

Majority, supply organs and skeletal muscle, less elastin and more smooth muscle in tunica media for more control over lumen side of vessel to adjust blood flow, and surrounded by sheets of elastin (internal and external elastic membranes)

89
Q

What are the characteristics of arterioles

A

Branches of muscular arteries that constrict and dilate quickly to regulate blood flow to capillaries

90
Q

What are the differences between larger and smaller arterioles

A

Larger will have all 3 tunics and elastic lamina, smaller with have tunica media and endothelium only

91
Q

What are the 6 structures of a capillary bed

A

Terminal arteriole, precapillary sphincters, metarteriole, true capillaries, thoroughfare channel, and postcapillary venule

92
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of capillaries

A

About as big as 1 red blood cell, thin walls (endothelium and basement membrane CT) lack tunica media and tunica externa layers, form capillary beds, and have precapillary sphincters

93
Q

What are precapillary sphincters

A

Smooth muscle that regulates blood flow (when open, blood fills capillary beds)

94
Q

What is the function of the thoroughfare channel

A

To allow a path for blood to get through capillary bed even with closed sphincters (must also pass through metarteriole)

95
Q

Why is it efficient to have blood go through capillaries single file

A

To allow for maximum exchange of O2 and CO2 through the capillary wall

96
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries based on permeability

A

Continuous (least leaky), fenestrated, and sinusoidal (most leaky)

97
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of continuous capillaries

A

Most common (skin, skeletal muscles, nervous system/brain), tight junctions connecting cells, intercellular clefts, complete basement membrane (solid sheet of CT)

98
Q

What are intercellular clefts

A

Areas where there’s no cell junction

99
Q

What are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries

A

Found where there’s lots of exchange between tissues and blood (digestive organs), pores through endothelial cells (fenestrations), complete basement membrane

100
Q

What are the characteristics of a sinusoidal capillary (discontinuous)

A

Special fenestrated capillary that allows for passage of large materials (proteins, blood cells), large intercellular cleft and incomplete basement membrane (looks shredded), fewer tight junctions, in spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and kidneys

101
Q

What are mechanisms to counteract low venous pressure

A

Valves and pushing and squeezing of veins by adjacent organs and muscles

102
Q

What are varicose veins

A

Usually superficial veins of lower leg, caused by failure of valves that allows blood to pool which stretches the veins and misshapes the vessels

103
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood

A

Distribute and remove O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., regular body temp and pH, and prevent infection (white blood cells)

104
Q

What are the formed elements of blood

A

Cellular components that make up 45% of blood: erythrocytes (red blood cells), and buffy coat made of leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets

105
Q

What is the plasma of blood

A

Extracellular matrix: ~55% water, dissolved solutes (wastes, nutrients, hormones), proteins (albumin binds solutes and fibrinogen clots bloods)

106
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of an erythrocyte

A

Mature RBC, anycleate (no nucleus) and no organelles, anaerobic (doesn’t need O2), glycolysis of glucose for energy, 97% hemoglobin to bind gases, biconcave (lots of surface area to volume), live 3-4 months

107
Q

What is hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

New RBCs form from stem cells in red bone marrow, iron needed to make new cells/hemoglobin (some recycled from old RBCs)

108
Q

What is anemia

A

Lower #RBCs to carry O2 to tissues in body, usually from low levels of iron

109
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Leukocytes

A

Complete cells (organelle and nucleus), diapedesis (squeeze through capillary walls), and part of immune response (increase in # to fight infection)

110
Q

What are platelets

A

Cell fragments (pinched off of a megakaryocyte found in bone marrow) that’s important for clotting

111
Q

What is the treatment if a mom has Rh antibodies and an Rh-positive baby for the second time

A

Rhogam injection

112
Q

What is the universal donor

A

O-

113
Q

What is the universal acceptor

A

AB+

Anatomy (16 decks)

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