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Anatomy > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissues

A

To move material through the body, to move parts of the body and produce movement, and to generate heat

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2
Q

What are the types of muscle tissues

A

Skeleta, cardiac, and smooth

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

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4
Q

What is excitability

A

Motor signal (stimulus/electrical impulse) sent from the nervous system to contract reached muscle and initiated a contraction

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5
Q

What is contractility

A

In response to stimuli, muscle contracts and shortens/attempts to shorten

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6
Q

What is extensibility

A

When a contraction ends, muscle cell can be pulled back to resting length by gravity or an antagonist

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7
Q

What is elasticity

A

Muscle can be stretched beyond its resting length and then shorten back to resting length

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8
Q

What are the 5ish characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Moves the skeleton (typically attaches bone to bone like joints but can also attach bone to skin or CT like in facial muscles), under voluntary control, striated, long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells/fibers, ranging from <1 in - 1 foot

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9
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Only found in the heart wall, under involuntary control (regulated by autonomic nervous system), striated, branched, mostly uninucleated (may have 2 nuclei), surrounded by endomysium, and connected at intercalated discs

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10
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Found within the walls of most internal organs (especially in tube-like structures), under involuntary control , small and spindle-shaped, uninucleated, no striatum’s (though they do have myofilaments), covered by endomysium, with ability to regenerate

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11
Q

What 4 structures are found in all 3 types of muscle cells

A

Nuclei, fibers (cells), sarcolemma (plasma membrane), and myofilaments (cytoskeleton units) including thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments

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12
Q

What’s the shortest skeletal muscle

A

The stapedius in the middle ear to dampen vibrations

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13
Q

What’s the longest skeletal muscle

A

The sartorious from outer hip, to inner thigh, to inner knee

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14
Q

What is the endomysium

A

Loose (areolar) CT surrounding 1 muscle fiber

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15
Q

What is the perimysium

A

Dense CT surrounding a muscle fascicle

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16
Q

What is a fascicle

A

A collection of muscle fibers

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17
Q

What is the epimysium

A

Dense irregular CT surrounding every part of the muscle

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18
Q

How does someone get stronger

A

The size of individual cells increases, unless there’s tearing, in which case multiple nuclei can heal as 2 different cells

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19
Q

What happens when someone stretches

A

Collagen fibers in the endomysium and perimysium are realigned

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20
Q

What is the function of arteries in muscle tissue

A

To provide oxygen and nutrients

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21
Q

What is the function of veins in muscle tissue

A

To remove cellular waste

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22
Q

What is the function of nerves in muscle tissue

A

To innervate muscle cells

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23
Q

What is a sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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24
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Rodlike bundles of actin and myosin running parallel within a cell

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25
Q

What is a T tubule

A

An extension of the sarcolemma that goes into the cell and wraps around myofibrils (outside the z disc) to carry electrical stimulus into the cell like an extension of nerves

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26
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores and pumps calcium ions

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27
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Functional units (each one able to contract to shorten a muscle) within a myofibril that repeats the entire length of the myofibril who’s internal organization gives the striated appearance

28
Q

What are myofilaments

A

Thin (actin) and thick (myosin) that ratchet/slide against one another during contraction (sliding filament theory)

29
Q

What is a Z disc

A

A protein disc joining adjacent sarcomeres that defines the edge of a sarcomere and associates with a t tubule

30
Q

What is an A band

A

Primarily myosin but some overlapping acting

31
Q

What is the I band

A

Primarily actin, usually lighter in color and the space between myosin

32
Q

What is titin

A

Large, spring-like/elastic protein that attaches the Z disc to myosin

33
Q

What is a motor unit

A

1 motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervated

34
Q

How many fibers/motor unit are in smaller units used for fine motor control

A

~10

35
Q

How many fibers/motor unit are in large muscles

A

~200

36
Q

What is another word for stimulus

A

Action potential

37
Q

What is the end of a motor neuron called

A

The axon terminal

38
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

Where the neuron stimulates the muscle cell

39
Q

How much can muscles shorten

A

About 1/3 of their length

40
Q

What determines how much a muscle can shorten

A

Length of muscle fibers

41
Q

What determines how much force a muscle can apply during contraction

A

Density of muscle fibers

42
Q

What are the characteristics of parallel muscles

A

Muscle fascicles run parallel to the axis of the muscle, tendons on either end, look long and rope-like, fewer fibers, best at shortening because of longer fibers

43
Q

What are the characteristics of pennate muscles

A

Strongest muscles, the tendon runs the whole length of the muscle, fascicles attach to the tendon at an angle, shorter fibers than parallel muscles which allows for more fibers, resemble a feather, comes in 3 types

44
Q

What are the 3 kinds of pennate muscles

A

Unipennate (fascicles attach to 1 side or tendons), bipennate (fascicles attach to both sides of tendon), and multipennate (branching tendon with fascicles attaching at many points)

45
Q

What are the characteristics of convergent muscles

A

Intermediate compared to the other muscle types, origin of muscle id long and broad, muscle fascicles collected like ponytail into tendon at insertion, fan shaped, more fibers than parallel, longer fibers than pennate

46
Q

What are the characteristics of circular muscles

A

Fascicles arranged in a ring, sphincter muscles (not internal sphincters) that keep an orifice closed when contracted and constricted

47
Q

What is the origin of a muscle

A

The attachment site that isn’t moved during a muscle action with lots of small dense regular CT fibers to connect

48
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle

A

The attachment site that’s moved when a muscle shortens

49
Q

What is the action

A

The resulting movement of a muscle contraction

50
Q

What is a tendon

A

The dense regular CT that connects muscle to bone

51
Q

What structure of bones are tendons continuous with

A

The periosteum (a dense irregular CT) where the collagen fibers between the two enmesh

52
Q

What structure of muscles are tendons continuous with

A

The epimysium (dense irregular CT)

53
Q

What is direct attachment

A

Short, dense regular CT fibers connect muscle to bone (usually at the origin where the fibers are more spread out)

54
Q

What is indirect attachment

A

Visible tendon between 2 muscle fibers (usually at the insertion and more specific than direct attachment)

55
Q

What is the aponeurosis

A

Flat sheet of dense regular CT (like tendons)

56
Q

What are synergists

A

Muscles that work together to perform an action (any muscle helping the prime mover)

57
Q

What are antagonists

A

Muscles that perform opposite functions

58
Q

What is the prime mover/agonist

A

The muscle primarily responsible for a movement (always the contracting/shortening muscle)

59
Q

What is the fixable

A

A synergistic that assists by holding a bone firmly in place to allow the prime mover to work more effectively (involved in stabilization, not movement)

60
Q

What cellular junction allows cardiac muscle cells to contract in coordinated fashion and how

A

Gap junctions allow action potentials to quickly spread from cell to cell like hollow tubes

61
Q

What do desmosomes do in intercalated discs

A

Provide strength and are the site where intermediate filaments are attached, also keep muscle cells from pulling apart

62
Q

What is inherent rhythmicity

A

Cardiac muscle cells can initiate their own contraction without stimulation from the nervous system

63
Q

What muscles is in the walls of blood vessels (hollow organs)

A

Smooth muscle

64
Q

What do intermediate filament bundles attach to in smooth muscle cells

A

Dense bodies

65
Q

What are the layers in smooth muscle and how are the typically arranged

A

Circular layer (closest to the lumen of the organ) and the longitudinal layer (wrapped around the circular layer) perpendicular to one another

Anatomy (16 decks)

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