Urinary Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
The interlobar arteries divide into the
A
arcuate arteries
1
Q
Which of the following lists contains the correct order of fluid flow through the urinary system?
A
PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct, calyces, renal pelvis, ureters
2
Q
Females are more susceptible to UTIs because they have
A
a shorter urethra than men.
3
Q
From the collecting ducts of the nephrons, urine drains directly into the
A
minor calyces.
4
Q
The terminal portion of the urinary system is the
A
urethra
5
Q
The functional unit of the kidney is a (n)
A
nephron
6
Q
A physician that specializes in the branch of medicine focusing on problems of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system is called a(n)
A
urologist.
7
Q
The small blood vessel carrying blood out of the glomerulus is the
A
efferent arteriole
8
Q
The tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder out of the body is called the
A
urethra
9
Q
The renal pyramids are located in the
A
renal medulla
10
Q
The double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries and collects the filtrate is called the
A
bowmans’ capsule
11
Q
Most glucose molecules are reabsorbed in the
A
proximal convoluted tubule
12
Q
The first portion of the renal tubule is the
A
PCT
13
Q
Which of the following represents the correct order of anatomical structures found in the nephron?
A
glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules
14
Q
Factors that aid venous return include ALL BUT:
A
greater urinary output
15
Q
maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits
A
urinary system
16
Q
rid the body of waste products that accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism
A
urinary system
17
Q
sometimes referred to as excretory system
A
urinary system
18
Q
maintains an appropriate fluid volume by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in the urine
A
urinary system
19
Q
regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood.
A
urinary system
20
Q
excrete some waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water
A
lungs
21
Q
rids the body of wastes through the sweat glands
A
skin
22
Q
excrete bile pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin.
A
liver and intestines
23
Q
In addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting what hormone
A
erythropoietin
24
enzyme that urinary system secrete that plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure
renin
25
consist of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
urinary system
26
create the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system.
kidneys
27
organs that filter the blood, remove the wastes, and excrete the wastes in the urine.
kidneys
28
organs that perform the functions of the urinary system
kidneys
29
approximately 3 cm thick, 6 cm wide, and 12 cm long. It is roughly bean-shaped with an indentation
kidneys
30
located between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae, one on each side of the vertebral column.
kidneys
31
usually is slightly lower than its counterpart because the liver displaces it downward.
right kidney
32
protected by the lower ribs, lie in shallow depressions against the posterior abdominal wall and behind the parietal peritoneum.
kidney
33
Is in retroperotineal positio
kidneys
34
connective tissue that holds the kidney in place
renal fascia
35
adipose tissue surrounds the kidney
perineal fat
36
tough, fibrous, connective tissue that closely envelopes each
kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside
renal capsule
37
indentation of the kidney on the medial side, leads to the renal sinus
hilum
38
Where the ureter and renal vein leave the kidney
hilum
39
Renal artery enters the kidney through this
hilum
40
carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder
ureter
41
temporary reservoir for the urine
urinary bladder
42
tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.
urethra
43
outer, reddish region, next to the capsule
renal cortex
44
darker reddish-brown region
renal medulla
45
appear striated because they contain straight tubular structures and blood vessels
renal pyramids
46
wide bases of the pyramids are adjacent to the cortex and the pointed ends
renal papillae
47
Portions of the renal cortex extend into the spaces between adjacent pyramids to form
renal column
48
The cortex and medulla make up the what of the kidney
parenchyma
49
located in the renal sinus, and is continuous with the ureter
renal pelvis
50
large cavity that collects the urine as it is produced.
renal pelvis
51
part of the renal pelvis that is interrupted by cuplike projections (calyces
periphery
52
surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid and collects urine from that pyramid
minor calyx
53
Several minor calyces converge to form a
major calyx
54
functional units of the kidney
nephrons
55
composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
neprons
56
consists of a cluster of capillaries, called the glomerulus, surrounded by a double-layered epithelial cup, called the glomerular capsule
renal corpuscle
57
leads into the renal corpuscle
afferent arteriole
58
leaves the renal corpuscle.
efferent arteriole
59
which monitors blood pressure and secretes renin, is formed from modified cells in the afferent arteriole and the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
60
small tube, about 25 cm long, that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
ureters
61
It descends from the renal pelvis, along the posterior abdominal wall, which is behind the parietal peritoneum, and enters the urinary bladder on the posterior inferior surface
ureter
62
three layers of ureter
fibrous coat
muscular coat
mucosa
63
supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue.
fibrous coat
64
consists of the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
muscular coat
65
Main function is peristalsis to propel the urine
muscular coat
66
transitional epithelium that is continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder
mucosa
67
secretes mucus, which coats and protects the surface of the cells.
mucosa
68
temporary storage reservoir for urine. It is located in the pelvic cavity, posterior to the symphysis pubis, and below the
parietal peritoneum.
urinary bladder
69
Size and shape varies with the amount of urine it contains and with the pressure it receives from surrounding organs
urinary bladder
70
lining is a mucous membrane of what kind of epithelium that is continuous with the ureters
transitional epithelium
71
numerous folds of the mucosa when the bladder is empty
rugae
72
allow the bladder to expand as it fills
rugae and transitional epithelium
73
second layer of urinary bladder that supports the mucous membrane
submucosa
74
composed of connective tissue with elastic fibers
submucosa
75
layer of the urinary bladder composed of smooth muscle
muscularis
76
interwoven in all directions and, collectively, these are called wherein its contraction expels urine from the bladder
detrusor muscle
77
outer layer of the bladder on the superior surface
parietal peritoneum
78
outer layer of the bladder except the superior surface
fibrous connective tissue
79
triangular area formed by three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder.
trigone
80
Two of the openings are from the ureters and form the base of the trigone
trigone
81
small flaps of this cover the openings of the trigone and act as valves that allow urine to enter the bladder but prevent it from backing up from the bladder into the ureters
mucosa
82
where the third opening is located, opening into the urethra
apex
83
band of detrusor muscle encircles the opening to form the
internal urethral sphincter
84
a thin-walled tube that conveys urine from the floor of the urinary bladder to the outside.
urethra
85
Its wall also contains smooth muscle fibers and is supported by connective tissue.
urethra
86
urethra is short, only 3 to 4 cm (about 1.5 inches) long
what sex
female
87
urethra is much longer, about 20 cm (7 to 8 inches) in length, and transports both urine and semen
what sex
male
88
opening of urethra to the outside
external urethral orifice
89
skeletal (voluntary) muscle and encircles the urethra where it goes through the pelvic floor
external urethral sphincter
90
mucosal lining of the urethra is made out of this
transitional epithelium
91
surrounds the beginning of the urethra, where it leaves the urinary bladder.
internal urethral sphincter
92
smooth (involuntary) muscle.
internal urethral sphincter
93
The external urethral orifice opens to the outside just anterior to the opening for the
vagina
94
the first part, next to the urinary bladder, passes through the prostate gland and is called the
prostatic urethra
95
The second part, a short region that penetrates the pelvic floor and enters the penis, is called the
membranous urethra
96
third and longest region, This portion of the urethra extends the entire length of the penis, and the external urethral orifice opens to the outside at the tip of the penis.
spongy urethra
97
consist of two kidneys and two ureters, a urinary bladder and urethra
urinary system
98
urinary system function
Regulation of plasma ion composition
▪
Regulation of blood pH (with lung)
▪
Production of hormones
▪
Excretion of waste
99
blood becomes this when CO2 in the body decreases
acidic
100
highly distensible due to the presence of transitional epithelium
urinary bladder
101
carry filtered blood after it flows through the kidney through the renal artery
renal vein
102
divided into cortex (outer portion), medulla (inner portion
kidney
103
contain renal pyramids and renal columns (latin word for middle)
medulla
104
where urine goes into, edges are made of major and minor calyces
renal pelvis
105
have 20-25% resting cardiac output goes through kidneys
renal blood supply
106
blood not engaged in direct circulation
resting cardiac output
107
nephrons grouped at pyramids
capillaris units
108
study the pathway for urinary system
L&R renal arteries (segmental > arcuate > interlobular) > afferent arterioles > glomerulus (capillary network) > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate veins > interlobar vein > renal vein
109
unit of renal function: corpuscle and tubule
nephrons
110
study path of blood flow
page 5
111
forms filtrate
corpuscle
112
study filtrate pathway
Glomerulus and glomerular capsule (cortex) -> proximal convoluted tubule (cortex) -> descending loop of henle (into medulla) -> ascending loop of henle (into medulla)
-> distal convoluted tubule (cortex) -> collecting duct -> minor calyx
113
preliminary state of urine
filtrate
114
also known as bowman’s capsule
glomerular capsucle
115
called this because it runs along the corticomedullary junction
arcuate artery
116
3 basic operation
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
117
filter plasma
glomerular filtration
118
reabsorb needed compounds & water from filtrate
tubular reabsorption
119
secrete some materials into filtrate
tubular secretion
120
products of secretion in the urine
ammonia and urea
121
two layers of capsule surround glomerulus, between is capsular space
glomerular filtration
122
support capillary epithelium
podocytes
123
also called albuminuria, is elevated protein in the urine. It is not a disease in and of itself but a symptom of certain conditions affecting the kidneys.
proteinuria
124
blood pressure for filtration
filtration pressure
125
opposes filtration pressure
colloid osmotic pressure and capsular pressure
126
diameters adjust to maintain a net filtration pressure
efferent and afferent arteriole
127
change in width with small changes in blood pressure
efferent and afferent arterioles
128
conventional kidney function test
glomerular filtration rate
129
➢105-125 ml/min (normal values)
➢Measured by injection of radioisotope to be detected by a conventional x-ray
➢Determines net reabsorption because it determine filtrate flow
➢ANP increases GFR
➢Vasoconstriction decreases GFR
glomerular filtration rate
130
exerts a vasodilator effect on the kidney and also reduces tubular reabsorption of sodium
atrial natriuretic peptide
131
in this there is a bout ~65% Na+ + H2O, normally 100% nutrients and about ~100% HCO3- depending on blood pH
proximal tubule
132
➢There is an active transport of soutes
➢Osmosis moves water
➢Cells distal to proximal tubule fine tune reabsorption under control
proximal tubule
133
takes place all along tubule, major substances include H+, K+, ammonia, urea, creatine, drugs like penicillin
tubular secretion
134
➢Helps regulate plasma pH 7.35-7.45
➢If diet is acid, urine is typically acidic
tubular secretion
135
collecting duct to calyces > ureter > bladder > urethra
urine route
136
stimulates NaCl in proximal tubule
angiotensin II
137
increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in DCT and CD
aldosterone
138
the more of this absorbed, the more water
Ion
139
increases GFR and inhibits aldosterone action -> less NA+ reabsorbed
ANP
140
responds to increased concentration of solute in blood + fall in blood pressure
antidiuretic hormone
141
➢
Important to body water balance
➢Increased concentration of solute in blood + fall in bp causes this to increase
➢Without this, DCT and CD walls are impermeable to water causing a dilution to urine
➢With this, water reabsorption occurs, causing a concentrated urine
antidiuretic hormone
142
about 1-2L per day are created
urine
143
95% water, urea, K+, ammonia, uric acid, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, sulfate, phosphate, and Ca2+
urine
144
study pathway page 7
+1
145
lined with mucus, transitional epithelium, pass under bladder and a full bladder prevents backflow
ureter
146
directly infront the rectum, can stretch (700-800ml), smaller in females because of uterus, three layers of detrusor muscle
bladder
147
internal urethral sphincter
urethra
148
term for urination
micturition
149
autonomic reflex, responds to stretch like rectum
internal sphincter
150
detrusor muscle contraction is what
parasympathetic/sympathetic
parasympathetic
151
conscious control what kind of sphincter
external sphincter
152
during this, kidneys shrink, decreasing in capacity
➢Thirst increases leading to dehydration
➢Lead to more UTIs
➢Both suffer from nocturia
aging
153
lead to prostate enlargement, frequent urination and slow flow
male aging
154
more prone to leakage of external sphincter (incontinence)
female aging
155
the need for patients to get up at night on a regular basis to urinate
nocturia
156
E.g.sodium, potassium,
calcium, and magnesium
plasma ion coomposition
157
hormone produced in urinary system
erythropoietin
158
- counts the RBCs that passes through the organ, prompted to produce
erythropoietin to make the bone marrow to produce new RBCs to compensate
for the low RBC count
kidney
159
to increase CO2, ____ acid is broken down (excess carbon dioxide in blood plasma)
carbonic
160
makes the blood acidic in nature
carbonic aicd
161
part is situated in the cortex,
part is situated in the medulla
nephrons
162
haped like a funnel, where
all the collecting tubules of urine converges, urine travels
through the apex of the renal pyrami
renal pyramids
163
passageway for blood vessels
to penetrate the kidney
renal column
164
where the renal artery goes to
starting point where blood filtration begin
renal cortex
165
: where renal artery,
renal vein, and renal tubule
pass through
renal hilum
166
kidney > dissecting dish > ___ plane
sagittal
167
kidney > inside the body > ____ plane
coronal
168
concave
side is the location of
renal hilum
169
pertains to the blood that left the heart that is not actively engaged in gaseous exchange
cardiac output
170
venous side of renal blood supply starts where
peritubular capillaries
171
blood vessles that run across the tubules
peritubular capillaries
172
last artery if there is no glomerulus
renal arteries
173
small arteries that branch off renal arteries (4)
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular
174
point of entry for glomerulus
afferent arterioles
175
refers to the direction wherein the group of vessels that arcs into the renal pyramid
arc
176
where filtration begins (outside going into the cortex)
renal arteries
177
where filtered blood is produced
corpuscle
178
collection of peritubular capillaries
glomerulus
179
glomerulus and PCT are part of what
cortex
180
Loop of henle is part of what
medulla
181
DCT is part of what
cortex
182
reabsorption is needed because the ___ cannot distinguish
glomerulus
183
fine tuned (where nitrogenous waste are delivered)
tubular secretion
184
has sensory cells (J-G Cells)
ascending limb of loop of henle
185
detect whether the person is producing
adequate urine (causes AA to dilate to
enter)
jackstone glomerular cells
186
where "clean" blood
comes out
efferent arteriole
187
why is the afferent arteriole thicker?
> there is need to build up pressure inside the glomerulus
> volume of blood is lower when it comes out the efferent
arteriole
188
people who undergo dialysis suffer from ____
hypotension
189
not directly attributed to excess consumption of salt (more associated with hypertension)
kidney stones
190
where actual blood filtration takes place
glomerulus
191
- lining of the glomerulus is made out of this
simple squamous epithelium
192
can detect renal cyst (benign in
nature), enlargement of renal corpuscle (obstruction of nephrons)
CT scan
193
the squamous cell (squamous cell carcinoma), divided abnormally and very fast
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
194
under normal conditions, urine can have 0-1 squamous cells (indication is normal) but detection of squamous cells (more than 1, too numerous to count) indicate physical injury of glomerulus
> may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI)
URINARLYSIS
195
excess amount of calcium and oxalates
kidney stones
196
much of the reabsorption takes place here
PCT
