Skin Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
change sensory stimuli into nerve signals that are then conveyed to and processed in the CNS
A
sensory receptors
2
Q
sensory receptors example
A
touch
sound
light
pain
cold and warmth
3
Q
can cause either an immediate reaction or can be stored
A
sensory receptors
4
Q
activities in this system are initiated by sensory experience exciting sensory receptors
A
nervous system
5
Q
receptor for mechanical stress or strain
A
mechanoreceptors
6
Q
receptor for temperature
A
thermoreceptors
7
Q
receptor for damage or threat of damage to body tissues
A
nociceptors
8
Q
receptors for visible light
A
photoreceptors
9
Q
sense of position receptor
A
proprioceptors
10
Q
chemical receptor
A
chemoreceptor
11
Q
blood vessel pressure receptors
A
baroreceptors
12
Q
humidity receptors
A
hydroreceptors
13
Q
electrofields receptors
A
electroreceptors
14
Q
osmolarity of fluids receptors
A
osmoreceptors
15
Q
infrared radiation receptions
A
infrared receptors
16
Q
uv radiation receptors
A
ultraviolet receptors
17
Q
significant as it prevents the nervous system from being bombarded with information about insignificant matters
A
adaptation
18
Q
sensory receptors adapt either ___ or ____ to any constantly occuring stimulus after a period of time
A
partially
completely
19
Q
sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulu
A
tonic receptor
20
Q
sensory receptor that adopts rapidly to a stimulus
A
phasic receptor
21
Q
classification of receptors based on location
A
exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
cutaneous
deep
22
Q
Any receptor that detects external stimuli.
A
exteroreceptors
23
Q
examples are the thermoreceptors in the skin, which monitor the temperature of the external environment.
A
exteroreceptors
24
Q
re molecular sensors or receptors in neurons that directly detect various interoceptive signals, and transduce them into electrical, hormonal, or other non-neural signals to be integrated and interpreted by the brain.
A
interoceptors
25
skin tactile sensibilities in the epidermis and dermis
what kind of receptor
mechanoreceptors
26
example of mechano receptors in epidermis and dermis
Merkel's disks
Meissner's corpuscles
27
example of deep tissue sensibilities receptors
Ruffini's endings
Pacinian corpuscles
28
a main type of tactile end organ highly abundant in human fingertips, whisker hair follicles, touch domes and other tactile-sensitive spots throughout mammalian bodies
merkel disc
29
consist of a cutaneous nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration.
meissner corpuscles
30
slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch and are present in both the glabrous and hairy skin. -
ruffini endings
31
an encapsulated ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration.
pacinian corpuscle
32
thermoreceptors (2)
cold receptors
warm receptors
33
receptors from 5 to 35 degrees celsius
cold receptors
34
receptors from 30 to 45
warm receptors
35
sensory fibers that respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging to the organism.
nociceptors
36
free nerve endings can be (2)
myelinated
unmyelinated
37
slowly-adapting small receptive fields
a. merkel's dics
b. ruffini's ending
c. meissner's corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle
merkel's disc
38
rapidly adapting, small receptive fields
a. merkel's dics
b. ruffini's ending
c. meissner's corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle
meissner's corpuscle
39
slowly adapting, large receptive fields
a. merkel's dics
b. ruffini's ending
c. meissner's corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle
ruffini's ending
40
large receptive, rapidly adapting
a. merkel's dics
b. ruffini's ending
c. meissner's corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle
41
free nerve endings characterize what receptors (2)
nociceptors
thermoreceptors
42
consist of remaining types of cutaneous receptors
encapsulated receptors
43
exist for specialized functioning
encapsulation
44
location of two point sensibility
back of neck
fingertip
forearm
tip of nose
palm of hand
tongue
upper arm
thigh area
leg area
45
areas of the body having many touch receptors that have a finer sense of "feel" or tactile discrimination
fingers
46
representation of the human body with proportions determined by cortical representation of distinct body areas
homunculus
47
will show a short burst of action potentials when the stimulus is first applied on the skin, but then they will cease firing despite the continuous application of the rod
slow adapting (SA) fibers
48
receptors involved in what adapt slowly
proprioception
49
start firing action potentials (or increase) their firing rate at the onset of the stimulus and continue to fire until the stimulus ends
rapid adapting (RA) fibers
50
receptors involved in light touch are what kind of fibers
rate of adaptation
rapid adapting fibers
51
region of skin from which stimuli can evoke a response
receptive fields
52
two types of receptive fields
type 1
type 2
53
have small receptive fields with well-defined borders (ex. glabrous or hairless skin)
type 1 units
54
have wider receptive fields with poorly defined borders and only a single point of maximal sensitivity, from which there is a gradual reduction in sensitivity with distance
type 2 units
55
shortest distances between two points that can be felt like two points
two point tresholds
56
study two point touch tresholds
+1
57
tactile localization include
plam
fingertips
forearm (dorsal and ventral)
lips
thigh region
58
what area should serve with neurons that have small receptive fields
high tactile acuity
59
varies with location although touch sense is easily localized
tactile acuity
60
generally, the greater the neural representation of a bodily area, the less likely are _____ ____
localization errors
61
describes the ability of the subject's senses to feel the pressure made by placing coins inside the antecubital fossa
touch receptors adaptation
62
the time of pressure sensation ntil it was no longer felt was recorded
what kind of sensation assessment
touch receptor adaptation
63
free nerve endings that wrap around the bases of hair follicles.
Peritrichial nerve endings
64
hair receptors that monitor the moevment of hairs
peritrichial endings
65
what part of the subject were applied with increasing weight in sensation intensity difference
distal phalanges
66
significant to determine the discrimination threshold of the subject or to identify whether he can tell apart, or discriminate, two things that differ by only a slight addition of weight
Weber's law
67
the smallest detectable addition of weight aboev whatever the initial intensity was
discrimination threshold
68
a subject cannot easily tell whether one stimulus felt twice, half, or three-quarters as strong as nother
weber's law
69
gradations of stimulus strength are discriminated and approximately in proportion to the
logarithm of stimulus strength
70
proportional to equal addition of sensation
equal relative addition
71
subject was asked to dip each of her hands in two beakers with cold and warm water
temperature adaptation
72
factors that affect temperature adaptation
-subject's body temperature
-number and density of thermoreceptors in the skin
73
maintains a nearly constant body temp which is usually higher than the temp in the environment
human body
74
considered as slowly adapting
cold thermoreceptor
75
strange phenomenon of perception of pain in one area of the body when another is actually receiving the painful stimulus
referred pain
76
happens when afferent-pain conducting fibers from the site of pain converge with afferent-pain conducting fibers of another area on one central neuron
referred pain
77
reffered happens when afferent-pain conducting fibers from the site of pain converge with afferent-pain conducting fibers of another area on one central neuron of what tract
paleospinothalamic
78
impulses from the site of pain travel in the same central pathway of another area to reach the same final sensory neuron in the ___
brain
79
significant in the initial evolution of patients for proper diagnosis and treatment
referred pain
80
Largest organ in the body.
skin
81
” is what gives our brains a wealth of information about the natural environment, including temperature, humidity, and air pressure
sense of touch
82
layer of the skin with dead skin cells, produce melanin, contain touch receptors
epidermis
83
layer of the skin with hair follicle, blood vessels, skin glands, nerve endings
dermis
84
layer of skin with insulator and energy reserve
subcutaneous tissue
85
Responsible for all the sensations we feel – cold, hot, smooth, rough, pressure, tickle, itch, pain, vibrations, and more
somatosensory system
86
somatosensory system has four main types of receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
Proprioceptors
87
These receptors perceive sensations such as pressure (indentions), vibrations, and texture
mechanoreceptors
88
four types of mechanoreceptors
merkel's disks
meissner's corpuscles
ruffini's corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
89
Found in the very top layers of the dermis and epidermis (2)
merkel's disks and Meissner's corpuscles
90
Generally found in non-hairy skin such as the palms, lips, tongue, soles of feet, fingertips, eyelids, and the face
Merkel’s disks and Meissner’s corpuscles
91
These are rapidly adapting receptors that can perceive when you are touching something and how long the object is touching the skin. (2)
merkel's disks
meissner's corpuscles
92
Located deeper in the dermis and along joints, tendons, and muscles (2)
ruffini's corpuscles and ruffinian
93
Can feel sensations such as vibrations traveling down bones and tendons, rotational movement of limbs, and the stretching of skin.
ruffini's corpuscles and ruffinian
94
Greatly aids the ability to do physical activities (Ex. walking and playing ball).
ruffini's corpuscles and pacinian corpsucles
95
These receptors perceive sensations related to the temperature of objects the skin feels.
thermoreceptors
96
Found in the dermis layer of the skin, and is categorized as hot and cold receptors.
thermoreceptors
97
The highest concentration of thermoreceptors can be found in the (2)
face
ears
98
Also known as the Nocireceptor.
pain receptors
99
Receptors that detects pain or stimuli that can or does cause damage to the skin and other tissues of the body.
nocireceptor
100
pain receptors Detect pain that is caused by 3 stimuli
mechanical stimuli
thermal stimuli
chemical stimuli
101
These receptors cause a feeling of sharp pain to encourage you to quickly move away from a harmful stimulus.
pain receptors
102
These receptors functions with the sense the position of the different parts of the body in relation to each other and the surrounding environment.
p
proprioreceptors
103
Found in tendons, muscles, and joint capsules (this location in the body allows these special cells to detect changes in muscle length and muscle tension).
proprioceptors
