Urinalysis Flashcards
1
Q
liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination
A
urine
2
Q
where the urine is excreted
A
urethra
3
Q
consist of sterile waste products composed of water-soluble soluble nitrogen products
A
urine
4
Q
processed form of ammonia that is non-toxic to maammals
A
urea
5
Q
average urine volume per day
A
1.4 litres
6
Q
composition of urine
A
uric acid - 0.6
bicarbonate ions - 1.2
creatinine 2.7
potassium ions 3.2
sodium ions 4.1
chloride ions 6.6
urea 25.5
7
Q
average urinary input in adults is
A
600 to 2000mL
8
Q
volume varies due to fluit intake, diet, and climate
A
urinary input
9
Q
normal urine volume
A
1.2-2.L/day
10
Q
> 2000mL/day urine output
A
polyuria
11
Q
<500ml/day urine output
A
oliguria
12
Q
increased water ingestion
diabetes mellitus and insipidus
A
polyuria
13
Q
dehydration
shock
acute glomerulonephritis
renal failure
A
oliguria
14
Q
total suppression of urine <100ml/day
A
anuria
15
Q
indication of renal shutdown
A
anuria
16
Q
often a diagnostic feature for many disease conditions
A
urine
17
Q
known as UA or routine and microscopy (R&M)
A
urinalysis
18
Q
target parameters and properties of urine
A
physical properties
chemical properties
microscopic parameters
19
Q
how is urine collected for UA
A
midstream (first morning, random, clean catch)
catheterized
plastic bag
postprandial
20
Q
during or relating to the period after dinner or lunch.
A
postprandial
21
Q
must be collected in volumetric containers
A
urine
22
Q
to get accurate results, urine samples must be tested in the laboratory within __ hours of collection
A
2
23
Q
preserve urine if not tested for 2 hours
A
refrigeration
24
Q
identified by vision and olfaction
A
gross inspection
25
gross inspection can have:
color
clarity
odor
volume
26
influenced by medical conditions, medications, and ingested food
color
27
norma urine color is
pale yellow or amber
28
pigment in urine
urochrome
29
urine apperance determines the presence of substances
clarity
30
normal urine is usually
transparent
31
may be foamy due to speed of urination, but frequent frothy appearance may be due to abundance of
protein/bilirubin
32
study gross inspection of clarity
+1
33
smell of urine may provide health information
odor
34
has typical aromatic odor due to volatile organic acids
odor
35
urea develops an ammoniacal odor due to the decomposition of ____ (resulting in ammonia) after standing
urea
36
check the possible odors
+1
37
exposes urine to strips that react if the urine contains certain cells or molecules
test strip urinalysis
38
physical routine analysis includes
specific gravity
pH level
39
chemical routine analysis
protein
glucose
ketone
bilirubin
urobilinogen
nitrite
leukocyte esterase
40
study the testing nad reading time
+1
41
comparison of the density of urine gainst the density of distilled water at a particular temperature
specific gravity
42
normal SG ranges from what
1.001 to 1.035
43
dependent on solute such as urea and sodium
specific gravity
44
increases as the solute concentration increases
specific gravity
45
increased SG
hypersthenuria
46
decreased specific gravity
hyposthenuria
47
low and fixed SG at 1.010
isosthenuria
48
depends on diet, acid-base balance, water balance, and renal tubular function
pH
49
normal pH values range from
4.6 to 8
50
acidic urine indicats
ketosis
high protein diet
51
alkaline urine indicates
chronic renal failure
vegetarian diet
severe vimiting
52
kidneys excrete a small amount of ___ in urine
protein
53
the amount of protein is normally up to ___mg/24hours
150 mg
54
tamm-horsfall protein indicate what
tubular injury
55
proteinuria can be an indication of what damage
glomerular
tubular
overflow
56
freely filtered through the glomerulus, but almost all is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
glucose
57
normal glucose in urine ranges from __mg/dL
25
58
defines the presence of reducing sugars in the urine, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, etc.
glycosuria
59
glycosuria indicates
hyperglycemia
proximal renal tubule dysfunction
60
highly sensitive for hemoglobin and myoglobin
heme
61
clinical implications of heme
hematuria
rhabdomyolysis
contamination with semen
62
enzyme released by white blood cells, used for qualitative measurement of WBCs
esterase
63
usually graded as low to high (1 to 4)
esterase
64
clinical implications of esterase traces include
UTIs
pyuria
65
detect the presence of enteriobacteriaceae
nitrites
66
which converts nitrates to nitrites
enteriobacteriaceae
67
usually tested as + or - implicating UTIs or nitrituria
nitrites
68
breakdown products of fatty acids and their presence in urine is indicative of excessive fatty acid metabolism
ketones
69
normally not detected in urine of healthy individuals
ketones
70
include acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone
ketones
71
happens when you have high levels of ketones in your urine.
ketonuria
72
pigment that is a breakdown product of hemoglobin
bilirubin
73
not water soluble, bound to albumin
which kind of bilirubin
unconjugated
74
water soluble, filtered by glomeruli
conjugatedu
75
undetectable in normal individuals, clinical implications include
bilirubinuria
76
conjugated bilirubin is converted by bacteria to urobilinogen
urobilinogen
77
about how much urobilinogen is excreted in urine in 25 hours
0.5 to 4mg
78
diurnal with highest levels in the afternoon
urobilinogen
79
+ urobilinogen indicates
hepatitis or cirrhosis
80
can yield a great detail of information and may suggest a specific diagnosis
microscopy
81
RBCs
WBCs
epithelial cells
bacteria
yeast
parasites
Tamm-horsfall mucoprotein
what kind of substances
organized
82
crystals, ion concentration, pH levels
what kind of substrances
unorganized
83
highly unorganized microscopic substances composed of small number of different ions and molecules
crystals
84
formation is most dependent upon the conecntration of ions and urine pH
crystals
85
smal amounts of most types of crystals are not ___ pathologic
necessarily
86
these are long, cylindrical structures formed in the renal tubules due to precipitation of tamm-horsfall mucoprotein
casts
87
formation is promoted by conecntration and/or acidic urine
casts
88
described based on the elements embedded withi the protein matrix
casts
89
the chemical, physical, and microscopic evaluation of urine.
urinalysis
90
used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes.
urinalysis
91
To collect a urine sample you should:
label a sterile, screw-top container with your name, date of birth and the date
wash your hands (and genitals if possible)
start to pee and collect either a "first-catch" or a "mid-stream" sample of urine in the container – you will be told which type to collect
screw the lid of the container shut
wash your hands thoroughly
92
means you don't collect the first or last part of urine that comes out.
this reduces the risk of the sample being contaminated with bacteria from: (1) your hands and (2) the skin around the urethra.
mid stream urine sample
93
means you catch the first part of the urine that comes out.
first catch urine sample
94
The test strips consist of narrow plastic ribbons with absorbent pads attached to one side.
The pads contain chemicals that react and change color after being immersed in urine.
urine test strip
95
The test pad measures leukocyte esterase in the urine released by white blood cells (WBCs). Elevated levels of urine WBCs (pyuria) indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI).
leukocytes
96
The test pad measures nitrites in the urine that form when an enzyme is released from bacteria. A positive result (nitrituria) indicates a urinary tract infection (UTI).
nitrites
97
The test pad measures urobilinogen in the urine that has entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream. Bacteria in the intestines make urobilinogen from bilirubin, which is in the bile produced by the liver. Elevated levels of urine urobilinogen indicate liver disease and dysfunction.
urobilinogen
98
measures urine albumins that have entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream. Elevated urine proteins (proteinuria) indicate kidney disease or immune disorders
protein
99
indicates kidney damage, urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney or bladder stones, kidney or bladder cancer, or blood disorders
blood in urine
hmeaturia
100
measures urine particle concentration. The test value indicates the blood hydration level.
specific gravity
101
Urine with a specific gravity of 1.000 -1.010
overyhydration
102
indicates dehydration
1.025-1.030
103
measures urine ketones that have entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream
ketones
104
are produced in the liver from the breakdown of fats when glucose is not available to the cells for energy.
ketones
105
usually indicate type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. An accumulation of ketones in the blood can lead to ketoacidosis
ketonuria
106
pad measures bilirubin in the urine that has entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream
bilirubin
107
is produced by the liver during the breakdown of heme from RBCs and then released in the bile.
bilirubin
108
indicate liver disease or blockage of the bile duct
bilirubinuria
109
measures urine glucose that has entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream.
glucose
110
enters the urine when the blood glucose exceeds ~ 180 mg/dL.
glucose
111
elevated urine glucose levels (glucosuria) usually indicate
type 1 or 2 diabetes
112
determines the physical properties of urine, such as volume, color, clarity, and odor
macroscopic exam
113
The process is performed without instruments, using only the unaided eyes and nose
macroscopic exam
114
It is the urine produced over 24 hours, which usually ranges from 0.8 Liters (800 ml) to 2 Liters (2000 ml).
urine volume
115
) can indicate possible chronic kidney disease.
low urine volume/oliguria
116
can indicate diabetes, increased fluid intake, or possible kidney disease.
high urine volume/polyuria
117
The color of urine is
pale yellow
118
can result from particular foods, dehydration, infections, organ dysfunction, and medications
urine color changes
119
color of urine due to medications, carotene, b vitamins, or bilirubin
orange
120
Refers to its turbidity or transparency,
urine clarity
121
is usually translucent (clear) but can become increasingly opaque or cloudy as the number of solid particles in the urine increases.
urine
122
A high concentration of crystals (related to dehydration, certain foods, or urine pH), white blood cells (related to urinary tract infections), or elevated glucose (related to diabetes) can cause the urine to become ___
cloudy
123
result from elevated glucose or ketones in the urine due to diabetes
what smell of urine
sweet or fruity
124
result from dehydration, which increases urine concentration
what kind of urine
ammonia
125
result from urinary tract infections, medications, or certain foods
what kind of urine odor
pungent or foul
126
is a procedure to determine if cells, crystals, casts, and microorganisms are present in the urine.
microscopic exam
127
If performed manually, the examination begins by placing about 10 milliliters of urine in a glass tube, then centrifuging the contents for about 5 minutes.
microscopic exam
128
appear in the urine when particular substances become too concentrated, and they aggregate to form larger solids, often due to dehydration.
crystals
129
are relatively large cylindrical structures, each having a matrix made of glycoproteins (Tamm-Horsfall proteins).
casts
130
are usually not in the urine (presence indicate Urinary Tract Infections).
microorganisms
