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General Physiology > Module 2 Lab > Flashcards

Module 2 Lab Flashcards

1
Q

act as pathways for the transmission of electrical impulses. Bears the responsibility of conveying sensory data from the peripheral to the central nervous system (CNS) and motor signals to muscles and glands from the CNS

A

nerve fibers

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2
Q
  • Nerve fibers can be classified as
A

sensory
motor

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3
Q

transmit touch pressure and temperature

A

cutaneous nerve

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4
Q

convey sound signals

A

auditory nerve

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5
Q

– carry visual information from eyes to brain, that enables the frog to process visual stimuli

A

visual nerves

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6
Q

control voluntary movements

A

somatic nerves

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7
Q

regulate involuntary functions

A

autonomic nerves

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8
Q

combined sensory and motor functions

A

mixed nerves

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9
Q

nerve fibers serve as the sensory pathway, transmitting information from the peripheral receptors to the central nervous system

A

afferent

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10
Q

represent the motor pathways, carrying signals from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

efferent

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11
Q

– touching the frog’s skin wherein the afferent nerve fibers kick into action quickly transmitting signals to its CNS, triggers a reflexive response

A

mechanical stimuli

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12
Q

behavioral adaptations such as the frog moving towards a warmer environment

A

thermal stimuli

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13
Q

when a frog detects a noxious odor, afferent fibers transmit signals to its central nervous system, signaling potential danger

A

chemical stimuli

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14
Q
  • consist of a long axon encased in a myelin sheath, facilitating the transmission of impulses for movement, feeling, and other physiological processes throughout the body, making their nervous system crucial.
A

nerve fibers

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15
Q

natural physiological activity, and this natural function capacitates an organism for its continual survival by adjusting to its internal as well as external environment

A

response

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16
Q

considered as the most implicated but organized system in the bod

A

nervous system

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17
Q
  • Two fundamental advantage of nervous system:
A

 Nerve structure sensitivity to the environmental changes
 Distinguishing property to transmit such excitation on from one portion of a cell to another or even throughout all the cells of a tissue/organ

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18
Q

physiological unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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19
Q

not regarded as a functionality independent structures although such fiber may differ from one another in terms of histological structures and physiological behavior

A

nerve fiber

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20
Q
  • Parts of a neuron with functions
A

dendrites
cell body
axon hillock
node of ranvier
cell membrane
nucleus
axon
myelin sheath
axon terminl
schwann cells

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21
Q

receive signals from other cells

A

dendrites

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22
Q

– organizes and keeps the cell functional

A

cell body

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23
Q

protects the cell

A

cell membrane

24
Q

generates impulse in the neuron

A

axon hillock

25
Q

allow diffusion of ions

A

node of ranvier

26
Q

produces the myelin sheath

A

schwann cells

27
Q

controls the entire neuron

A

nucleus

28
Q

transfers signals to other cells and organs

A

axon

29
Q

increases the speed of the signal

A

myelin sheath

30
Q

forms junction with other cells

A

axon terminal

31
Q

classified into two major groups based on the character of result of impulses

A

nerve fibers

32
Q

materials for module 2

A
  1. Fresh frog
  2. Scalpel
  3. Scissor
  4. Pithing needle/probe
  5. Dissecting pan
  6. Gloves
  7. Cotton
  8. Kymograph
  9. Kymograph paper
  10. Filler paper
  11. Glass slides
  12. Inductorium
33
Q

instrument for recording variations in pressure, drives or pulls the trace of a stylus on a rotating cylinder

A

kymograph

34
Q

battery-operated apparatus containing induction coils used for producing a continuous pulsing electric current or a single pulse of current

A

inductorium

35
Q
  • Reagents used:
A

ringer’s solution
1% hydrochloric acid
2g NaCl crystals
ether/chloroform

36
Q

intravenous or subcutaneous hydration and to expand the vascular compartment in hypovolemia

A

ringer’s solution

37
Q

– used to determine the reflex of the frog’s muscle for acidic stimuli

A

1% hydrochloric acid

38
Q

sed for osmotic and diffusion

A

2g NaCl crystals

39
Q

used to sedate frogs using nasal inhalation

A

ether

40
Q

read procedure

A
  1. Sedate the frog by nasal inhalation using ether or chloroform in cotton (additional option by pithing)
  2. Locate the frog’s thigh end leg, remove the skin with scissor then by using a scalpel, expose the frog’s thigh and leg, deflect the femoral muscles and locate the sciatic nerve (nerve extending from pelvic bone to the gastrocnemius muscle)
  3. Remove the femoral muscles and retaining its femur one, set apart the sciatic nerve carefully and cut it from the pelvic bone end. Carefully, lead the femur bone- sciatic nerve up to the gastrocnemius muscle, trace the gastrocnemius muscle that leads to the tendon of Achilles. Cut the tendon.
  4. This set-up m◦ust extract the femur bone, sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle or the muscle-nerve set-up. Try to poke or pinch the nerve with glass rod and observe for muscle contraction (twitch), this will serve an exercise to ensure the fresh state of the nerve.
  5. The completely exercised muscle-nerve may now be suspended using femur clamp and tie the end Achilles tendon to the hook lever. Carefully rest the sciatic nerve on the horizontal fixed glass slide. Always moisten the nerve with Amphibian’s Ringer solution and Kymograph set-up.
  6. Using the diagram, set the kymograph drum, kymograph paper and key stimulators, battery for electrical supply, and each to the muscle-nerve set-up always check the Muscle-nerve to be moistened with Ringer’s solution. Perform the following stimulations and exercise.
  7. Note: Always allow the muscle-nerve to rest for 2 to 3 minutes after each test. Set the kymograph drum speed at medium pace and run the. Allow one (1) complete rotation for each kind of stimuli for Steps 1 to 4
41
Q

Pinch or strike with a pithing needle or scalpel the free end of a nerve. Immediately release after a tracing is recorded. After five (5) seconds, repeat until a rotation is completed. Wash and supply with drops of Ringer’s solution

what kind of stimulus

A

mechanical

42
Q

Soak the glass rod in a boiled water, then touch the free end of the nerve lightly with a warm glass rod. After tracing is recorded, remove the glass rod and touch again after a few seconds. Repeat until one rotation is completed. Wash and supply with drops of Ringer’s solution.

A

thermal stimulus

43
Q

Place e few crystals of NaCl on the free end. After one rotation, immediately wash with Amphibian Ringers solution and then adjust the drum in order to record continuous twitching, if any, stop after one complete rotation. Wash and supply with drops of finger’s solution

A

osmotic stimulus

44
Q

Place the stimulating electrode in a fixed position under the nerve. Set the potentiometer at 3 or 4, then press the key to apply a mild shock by using a single stimulation from the inductorium. Observe for a muscle twitch recording then, immediately turn off the stimulating apparatus onca a tracing is recorded. Repeat the single stimulation after five (5) seconds until one rotation is completed. Wash with Ringer’s solution

A

electrical stimulus

45
Q
  • Characteristics of stimulus: the drum should be kept stationary during stimulation such that any contraction of the muscle traces only a vertical line
     After the tracing is properly recorded rotate the drum about 2 cm and wait for 30 seconds before another stimulus is applied
     The stimuli will be elicited by the use of the inductorium and the strength of stimuli of current used will be based on the potentiometer reading.
A

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46
Q

– stimuli are any sensory stimuli below an individual’s threshold

A

subliminal stmuli

47
Q
  • is defined as a stimulus that is presented below the level of conscious perception
A

liminal stimuli

48
Q

is the smallest amount of stimulation or force that is needed to initiate a response

A

threshold stimulus

49
Q

– start with this in the potentiometer

A

1

50
Q

first visible contraction or tracing is recorded in the kymograph paper

A

threshold stimulation

51
Q

is the strongest possible stimulus that occurs to produce the most muscle contraction.

A

maximal stimulus

52
Q

the accumulating contractile force resulting from sequential activations applied to a muscle without sufficient interval to permit complete relaxation

A

summation

53
Q

 Achieved due to the current at 10mV difference, slightly below threshold so that no twitch is obtained (confirmed as subliminal simulation)
 Then stimulation of the free end of the nerve ten to fifteen times at a rate of 2-3 seconds using the simple key and drum rotating at medium speed

A

summation

54
Q

to check for its anesthetic effect, apply a pinch on the nerve. Once anesthesia has been attained, stimulate the nerves in a portions between the cotton soaked in ether and the gastrocnemius muscle.

A

ether

55
Q

read afferent and efferent nerve fibers procedure

A
  1. Pin the sedated frog in a dissecting pan ends open the abdomen with a middle incision in the belly. Remove all the viscera to produce a spinal exposed animal. Also, remove the skin of the frog in both lower extremities.
  2. At the hip portion, locate the sacral plexus with the use of a glass slide and gently lift the three (3) roots of the sciatic nerve. Appy a loose ligature. Do the same procedure for the other sciatic nerve. Trace the length of the nerve to observe twitching muscle contraction) in the gastrocnemius
  3. Lift gently the roots of the sciatic nerve on the stimulating electrode. Make sure that no contact is made between the electrodes and the neighboring tissues.
  4. Use the inductorium to stimulate the left nerve for one second with a current enough to cause on the left gastrocnemius. Stimulate the nerve again with a current enough to cause on both gastrocnemius. Label the kymograph tracing and attach in the worksheet.
  5. . In the middle of the right thigh, securely tie separate ligatures about (5mm apart) on the sciatic nerve and make a clean cut between the two ligatures. Using the current known to cause contraction to both muscles, stimulate the proximal nerve ending going to the muscle. Label the kymograph tracing and attach in the worksheet.

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General Physiology (15 decks)

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