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General Physiology > Module 4 Laboratory > Flashcards

Module 4 Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

– rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimulus

A

reflexes

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2
Q

 include glandular and contraction of all three types of muscles

A

reflexes

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3
Q

mediate neural pathways

A

reflexarcs

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4
Q

initated by sensory receptors, which by having synaptic contacts within the spinal cord, are a basic level of regulation of muscles or glands

A

reflex movements

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5
Q

most basic of all reflexes, but other parts of the central nervous system also contain reflex pathways

A

spinal reflexes

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6
Q

affecting the body musculature in the control of balance

A

vestibulo-ocular reflexes

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7
Q

regulate the diameter of the pupil or degree of accommodation of the lens of the eye

A

autonomic reflexes

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8
Q

include the somatic nervous system and this reflex has been traditionally called spinal reflexes

A

somatic reflexes

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9
Q

also include the spinal cord

A

visceral reflexes

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10
Q

first part of reflex arc

A

somatic receptors

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11
Q

carry information from these receptors into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

afferent nerve fibers

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12
Q

integrate information, which are lacking from some reflex arc

A

interneurons

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13
Q

carry motor impulses to the skeletal muscles

A

efferent nerve fibers

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14
Q

somatic effectors that carry out the response

A

skeletal muscles

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15
Q
  • reflex arcs can be:
A

monosynaptic
polysynaptic

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16
Q

contain only two neurons (sensory and motor neuron)

A

monosynaptic

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17
Q

Patellar reflex and achilles reflex
‘
mono or polysynaptic?

A

monosynaptic

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18
Q

– multiple interneurons that interface between the sensory and motor neurons in the reflex pathway

A

polysynaptic reflex

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19
Q

– important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system

A

reflex testin

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20
Q

reflex testing grade

0 =

A

no response

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21
Q

reflex testing grade

1+ =

A

slight but definitely present

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22
Q

is reflex grade of 1+ normal?

A

may or may not be normal

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23
Q

reflex testing grade

2+=

A

brisk response

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24
Q

is 2+ normal?

A

yes

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25
Q

3+

A

very brisk response

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26
Q

is 3+ normal?

A

may or may not be normal

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27
Q

is 4+ normal

A

no

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28
Q

4+ means

A

repeating reflex (clonus)

29
Q

may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system, often performed reflex test can help pinpoint the area (level) of the spinal cord injury

what result of reflex (3)

A

distorted
exaggerated
absent

30
Q

motor nerves above or below these may be unable to participate in normal flex activity

A

lesions

31
Q

used to elicit a response from the deep tendon reflexes

A

reflex hammer

32
Q

tested by placing the tip of the index finger on a relaxed jaw, one that is about one-third open, and tapping brisky on your index finger noting the speed of the mandible

A

jaw jerk

33
Q

CN nerve involved in jaw jerk

A

CN5: Trigeminal Nerve

34
Q

 somatic reflex
 monosynaptic reflex
 involve CN5
 masseter and temporalis
 location: lower jaw bone

A

jaw jerk

35
Q

tested by supporting the forearm, either resting on the patient’s thighs or resting on the forearm of the examiner, placing the thumb firmly over the biceps tendon and curling your fingers around the elbow. Tap briskly, the forearm should flex with the elbow

A

biceps reflex

36
Q

what nerevs are involved in biceps reflex

A

Cervical 5 and 6

37
Q

 Somatic reflex
 Monosynaptic reflex
 Involve C5 and C6
 Biceps
 Location: biceps tendon

A

biceps reflex

38
Q

tested by finding the brachioradialis tendon at the base of the styloid process of the radius and placing the thumb of hand supporting the patient’s elbow on the biceps tendon. Three potential reflexes can show: brachioradialis reflex, biceps reflex, finger jerk

A

brachiodradialis reflex

39
Q

flexion and supination of the forearm

what reflex

A

brachioradialis reflex

40
Q

flexion of the forearm

A

biceps reflex

41
Q

flexion of the fingers

A

finger reflex

42
Q

what nerves are involved in brachioradialis reflex

A

C5 and C6

43
Q

 Somatic
 Monosynaptic reflex
 Involve C5 and C6
 Radial nerve supply

A

brachioradialis reflex

44
Q

tested by positioning the subject’s hand in the supinated position with fingers slightly flexed, and placing the examiner’s index and middle fingers across the tips of the patient’s fingers and tap with the reflex hammer

A

finger jerk

45
Q

 Reflex contraction of the patient’s finger flexor muscles is a positive response

A

finger jerk

46
Q

what nerves is innervated in finger jerk

A

C6-C8

47
Q

 Monosynaptic reflex, somatic, innervates C6, C7, and C8
 Involves median and ulnar nerves

A

finger jerk

48
Q

in finger jerk, this may be from cervical compressive myelopathy

A

hyporeflexia

49
Q

– in finger jerk, this may be from corticospinal tract lesion

A

hyperreflexia

50
Q

tested by supporting the patient’s forearm by cradling it with yours or placing it on the thigh, tapping the triceps tendon and a positive test shows the extension of the forearm

A

triceps reflex

51
Q

what nerves are innervated in triceps reflex

A

C7 and C8

52
Q

 Somatic, monosynaptic reflex, involves C7 and C8 nerves
 Involves the triceps and the triceps tendon

A

Triceps reflex

53
Q

done by tapping the tendon directly below the patella showing an extension of lower leg

A

patellar reflex

54
Q

what nerve is involved in patellar reflex

A

L2, L3, L4

55
Q

 Somatic and monosynaptic reflex involving the L2, L3, L4 nerve moving the quadriceps femoris

A

patellar reflex

56
Q

decreased or absent patellar tendon reflex

A

westphal’s sign

57
Q

cns disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis. Upper motor neuron lesions

A

hyper reflexive response

58
Q

tapping the achilles tendon just above its insertion on the calcaneus

A

achilles reflex

59
Q

what nerve is involved in achilles reflex

A

L5, S1, S2

60
Q

 Somatic, monosynaptic reflex involving L5, S1-S2, gastrocnemius and soleus

A

achilles reflex

61
Q

the reflex hammer is used to draw a light stroke up the lateral side of the sole of the foot and across the ball of the foot

A

plantar reflex

62
Q

plantar reflex is also known as

A

Babinski reflex

63
Q

 Normal response is plantar flexion of the toes

A

plantar reflex

64
Q

what nerve is involved in plantar reflex

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

65
Q

 Somatic, polysynaptic reflex that involve L4-S2 nerves
 Involve extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior soleus, and plantaris

A

plantar reflex

66
Q

indicates potential damage to the reflex arc itself, including the sensory nerve fibers, spinal cord, or motor nerve fibers.

A

hyporeflexia/areflexia

67
Q

 Possible implications include neuropathy (damaged nerves), nerve root compression, spinal cord lesions, Guillain-Barre syndrome, vitamin deficiencies, metabolic disorders, toxins, genetic conditions

A

hyporeflexia/areflexia

68
Q

Suggests a problem with the upper motor neuron pathway, specifically the descending inhibitory signals from the brain

A

hyperreflexia

69
Q

 Possible Implications: Stroke, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), meningitis, encephalitis, brain trauma, metabolic disorders, certain medications.

A

hyperreflexia

General Physiology (15 decks)

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