Module 4 Laboratory

Question 1

– rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimulus

Answer 1

reflexes

Question 2

 include glandular and contraction of all three types of muscles

Answer 2

reflexes

Question 3

mediate neural pathways

Answer 3

reflexarcs

Question 4

initated by sensory receptors, which by having synaptic contacts within the spinal cord, are a basic level of regulation of muscles or glands

Answer 4

reflex movements

Question 5

most basic of all reflexes, but other parts of the central nervous system also contain reflex pathways

Answer 5

spinal reflexes

Question 6

affecting the body musculature in the control of balance

Answer 6

vestibulo-ocular reflexes

Question 7

regulate the diameter of the pupil or degree of accommodation of the lens of the eye

Answer 7

autonomic reflexes

Question 8

include the somatic nervous system and this reflex has been traditionally called spinal reflexes

Answer 8

somatic reflexes

Question 9

also include the spinal cord

Answer 9

visceral reflexes

Question 10

first part of reflex arc

Answer 10

somatic receptors

Question 11

carry information from these receptors into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Answer 11

afferent nerve fibers

Question 12

integrate information, which are lacking from some reflex arc

Answer 12

interneurons

Question 13

carry motor impulses to the skeletal muscles

Answer 13

efferent nerve fibers

Question 14

somatic effectors that carry out the response

Answer 14

skeletal muscles

Question 15

• reflex arcs can be:

Answer 15

monosynaptic
polysynaptic

Question 16

contain only two neurons (sensory and motor neuron)

Answer 16

monosynaptic

Question 17

Patellar reflex and achilles reflex
‘
mono or polysynaptic?

Answer 17

monosynaptic

Question 18

– multiple interneurons that interface between the sensory and motor neurons in the reflex pathway

Answer 18

polysynaptic reflex

Question 19

– important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system

Answer 19

reflex testin

Question 20

reflex testing grade

0 =

Answer 20

no response

Question 21

reflex testing grade

1+ =

Answer 21

slight but definitely present

Question 22

is reflex grade of 1+ normal?

Answer 22

may or may not be normal

Question 23

reflex testing grade

2+=

Answer 23

brisk response

Question 24

is 2+ normal?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

3+

Answer 25

very brisk response

Question 26

is 3+ normal?

Answer 26

may or may not be normal

Question 27

is 4+ normal

Answer 27

no

Question 28

4+ means

Answer 28

repeating reflex (clonus)

Question 29

may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system, often performed reflex test can help pinpoint the area (level) of the spinal cord injury what result of reflex (3)

Answer 29

distorted exaggerated absent

Question 30

motor nerves above or below these may be unable to participate in normal flex activity

Answer 30

lesions

Question 31

used to elicit a response from the deep tendon reflexes

Answer 31

reflex hammer

Question 32

tested by placing the tip of the index finger on a relaxed jaw, one that is about one-third open, and tapping brisky on your index finger noting the speed of the mandible

Answer 32

jaw jerk

Question 33

CN nerve involved in jaw jerk

Answer 33

CN5: Trigeminal Nerve

Question 34

 somatic reflex  monosynaptic reflex  involve CN5  masseter and temporalis  location: lower jaw bone

Answer 34

jaw jerk

Question 35

tested by supporting the forearm, either resting on the patient’s thighs or resting on the forearm of the examiner, placing the thumb firmly over the biceps tendon and curling your fingers around the elbow. Tap briskly, the forearm should flex with the elbow

Answer 35

biceps reflex

Question 36

what nerevs are involved in biceps reflex

Answer 36

Cervical 5 and 6

Question 37

 Somatic reflex  Monosynaptic reflex  Involve C5 and C6  Biceps  Location: biceps tendon

Answer 37

biceps reflex

Question 38

tested by finding the brachioradialis tendon at the base of the styloid process of the radius and placing the thumb of hand supporting the patient’s elbow on the biceps tendon. Three potential reflexes can show: brachioradialis reflex, biceps reflex, finger jerk

Answer 38

brachiodradialis reflex

Question 39

flexion and supination of the forearm what reflex

Answer 39

brachioradialis reflex

Question 40

flexion of the forearm

Answer 40

biceps reflex

Question 41

flexion of the fingers

Answer 41

finger reflex

Question 42

what nerves are involved in brachioradialis reflex

Answer 42

C5 and C6

Question 43

 Somatic  Monosynaptic reflex  Involve C5 and C6  Radial nerve supply

Answer 43

brachioradialis reflex

Question 44

tested by positioning the subject’s hand in the supinated position with fingers slightly flexed, and placing the examiner’s index and middle fingers across the tips of the patient’s fingers and tap with the reflex hammer

Answer 44

finger jerk

Question 45

 Reflex contraction of the patient’s finger flexor muscles is a positive response

Answer 45

finger jerk

Question 46

what nerves is innervated in finger jerk

Answer 46

C6-C8

Question 47

 Monosynaptic reflex, somatic, innervates C6, C7, and C8  Involves median and ulnar nerves

Answer 47

finger jerk

Question 48

in finger jerk, this may be from cervical compressive myelopathy

Answer 48

hyporeflexia

Question 49

– in finger jerk, this may be from corticospinal tract lesion

Answer 49

hyperreflexia

Question 50

tested by supporting the patient’s forearm by cradling it with yours or placing it on the thigh, tapping the triceps tendon and a positive test shows the extension of the forearm

Answer 50

triceps reflex

Question 51

what nerves are innervated in triceps reflex

Answer 51

C7 and C8

Question 52

 Somatic, monosynaptic reflex, involves C7 and C8 nerves  Involves the triceps and the triceps tendon

Answer 52

Triceps reflex

Question 53

done by tapping the tendon directly below the patella showing an extension of lower leg

Answer 53

patellar reflex

Question 54

what nerve is involved in patellar reflex

Answer 54

L2, L3, L4

Question 55

 Somatic and monosynaptic reflex involving the L2, L3, L4 nerve moving the quadriceps femoris

Answer 55

patellar reflex

Question 56

decreased or absent patellar tendon reflex

Answer 56

westphal's sign

Question 57

cns disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis. Upper motor neuron lesions

Answer 57

hyper reflexive response

Question 58

tapping the achilles tendon just above its insertion on the calcaneus

Answer 58

achilles reflex

Question 59

what nerve is involved in achilles reflex

Answer 59

L5, S1, S2

Question 60

 Somatic, monosynaptic reflex involving L5, S1-S2, gastrocnemius and soleus

Answer 60

achilles reflex

Question 61

the reflex hammer is used to draw a light stroke up the lateral side of the sole of the foot and across the ball of the foot

Answer 61

plantar reflex

Question 62

plantar reflex is also known as

Answer 62

Babinski reflex

Question 63

 Normal response is plantar flexion of the toes

Answer 63

plantar reflex

Question 64

what nerve is involved in plantar reflex

Answer 64

L4, L5, S1, S2

Question 65

 Somatic, polysynaptic reflex that involve L4-S2 nerves  Involve extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior soleus, and plantaris

Answer 65

plantar reflex

Question 66

indicates potential damage to the reflex arc itself, including the sensory nerve fibers, spinal cord, or motor nerve fibers.

Answer 66

hyporeflexia/areflexia

Question 67

 Possible implications include neuropathy (damaged nerves), nerve root compression, spinal cord lesions, Guillain-Barre syndrome, vitamin deficiencies, metabolic disorders, toxins, genetic conditions

Answer 67

hyporeflexia/areflexia

Question 68

Suggests a problem with the upper motor neuron pathway, specifically the descending inhibitory signals from the brain

Answer 68

hyperreflexia

Question 69

 Possible Implications: Stroke, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), meningitis, encephalitis, brain trauma, metabolic disorders, certain medications.

Answer 69

hyperreflexia