Lymphatic Physiology Flashcards
Fluid found immediately around cells
instertitial fluid
Interstitial fluid which flows in lymphatic vessels is called
lymph
Both interstitial fluid and lymph are similar in composition to plasma, but contain less ____
protein
Approximately ___liters per day of fluid seeps from the blood into the tissue.
20
This fluid and protein must be returned to the ____ ____to maintain normal blood volume and homeostasis.
cardiovascular system
When plasma is filtered by flood capillaries, it passes into the interstitial spaces and becomes
instertitial fluid
When this fluid passes into the lymphatic capillaries, it is called
lymph
Lymphatic vessels begin as
lymph capillaries
microscopic vessels between cells)
lymph capillaries
found throughout the body with the exception of the central nervous system, bone marrow, portions of the spleen, and tissues that lack blood vessels.
lymph capillaries
merge to form larger lymphatic vessels, which in turn, converge to form lymphatic ducts
lymph capillaries
drain the lymph into the left and right subclavian veins, respectively.
lymphatic ducts
have thinner walls and more valves than veins.
lymphatic vessels
drains into the left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
drains into the right subclavian vein.
right lymphatic duct
Lymph flows primarily as a result of
skeletal muscle contractions and respiratory movements
aided by valves located within the lymphatic vessels
lymph flow
lymphatic organs are
thymus
lymphatic nodes
spleen
lymph nodules
bone marrow
functions in immunity by the production and distribution of T-cells. It is located posterior to the sternum and medial to the lungs.
thymus
are oval structures located along the length of lymphatic vessels which are scattered throughout the body.
lymph nodes
Lymph enters the nodes through
afferent lymphatic vessels
lymph exits through
efferent lymphatic vessels
lymph passing through the ___ it is filtered to remove foreign substances
nodes
Lymph nodes also produce
lymphocytes
is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body and is found between the stomach and the diaphragm.
spleen
The spleen functions to produce
b-cells, antibodies, t-cells
is also a storage organ for blood.
spleen
are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue which are present in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary and reproductive tracts, and comprise the tonsils.
lymphatic nodules
are multiple aggregations of large lymphatic nodules embedded in mucous membranes.
tonsils
three tonsils
pharyngeal
palatine
lingual
are strategically situated to protect against antigens that enter the oropharynx and nasopharynx and function to produce lymphocytes and antibodies.
tonsils
The ability to ward off disease is called The lack of resistance is called
susceptibility
is inherited and refers to a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of pathogens, toxins, or disease-producing organisms.
innate immunity
the ability to produce antibodies or cells against specific pathogens.
adaptive immunity
includes a number of physical and chemical factors, as well as phagocytosis, natrual killer cells, inflammation, and fever.
innate immunity
include skin, mucous membranes, and lacrimal apparatus, the presence of saliva, mucus, cilia, the flow of urine, defecation, and
what kind of factors
physical
include antimicrobial substances secreted by the skin and acid released by the stomach.
chemical factors
n the blood and tissues such as interferon, complement, transferrins, and ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES work against colonization by viruses and bacteria.
antimicrobial substances
is a nonspecific mechanism by which microorganisms and foreign particles are ingested by natural killer and wandering macrophages.
phatocytosis
serves a protective and defensive role by eliminating microbes or foreign substances from the site of injury, preventing their spread to other organs, and preparing the site for tissue repair. It is an attempt to restore tissue homeostasis.
inflammatory response
occurs when cells are damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents. The symptoms of inflammation include redness, pain, heat, swelling, and loss of function.
inflammation
may include vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, fibrin formation, phagocyte migration, and pus formation.
inflammatory response
elevated body temperature, intensifies the effects of interferons and inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.
fever
to disease involves the production of a specific type of cell (lymphocyte) or a specific type of molecule (antibody) to destroy a particular antigen, and is called
adaptive immunity
are any substances that the immune system recognizes as foreign (nonself).
antigens
are proteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. Antibodies recognize and combine with an antigenic binding sites on the surface of the antigen.
antibodies
refers to the destruction of antigens by cytotoxic T-cells. Antibody-mediated immunity refers to the destruction of antigens by antibodies.
cell-mediated immune response
is particularly effective against fungi, parasite, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants
cell-mediated immune response
is most effective against viral and bacterial infections.
antibody-mediated immnuity
are responsible for cellular immunity and are processed in the thymus gland.
t-cells
provide antibody-mediated immunity and are processed in the bone marrow, fetal liver tissue and spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
b-cells
process and present antigens to T-cells and B-cells, which induces the proliferation of T-cells and B-cells.
macrophages
subpopulations of t-cells (3)
cytotoxic t-cells
helper t-cellls
memory t-cells
migrate to the site of invasion from the lymphoid tissue and secrete perforin, granulysin, and lymphotoxin that destroys the antigens directly by lysis, and fragmentation of the antigen’s DNA.
cytotoxic t-cells
also called CD4 T cells, cooperate with B-cells to help amplify antibody production and secrete Interleukin-2
helper t-cells
which stimulates the proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells
interleukin-2
recognize antigens to which they have been sensitized, again at a later date. They initiate a far swifter reaction than during the first invasion.
memory t-cells
develop into antibody-producing plasma cells under the influence of thymic hormones, IL-1 and IL-2.
b-cells
recognize the original invading antigen at a time of subsequent exposure.
memory b-cells
produced by plasma cells enter circulation and form antigen-antibody complexes with foreign antigens.
antibodies
These antibodies activate ___ proteins for attack and fix the complement to the surface of the antigen
complement
provides the basis for immunization against certain diseases and is usually swifter and of a greater magnitude than the original antibody response.
secondary response
lowers the body’s immunity by decreasing the number of helper T-cells
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
frequently develop cancer, and become susceptible to opportunistic infections.
AIDS
result when the body does not recognize “self” antigens and produces antibodies against them
autoimmune disease
is overreacting to an antigen. Localized anaphylactic reactions include hay fever, asthma, eczema, and hives.
allergic reaction
cover portions of the circulatory system (i.e. white blood cell circulating)
lymphatic system
-passed on by your mother (inherent), not required to be acquired after birth
-possessed after birth
-does not remain in memory (can still get sick from same kind of pathogens) (e.g. influenza)
innate immunity
fast, non-specific and no memory
innate immunity
does not distinguish enemy from foe
innate immunity
examples include Barriers, pH extremes, phagocytes, NK cells, fever, inflammation, complement, interferon
innate immunity
example of nonspecific manifestation ( composed of dead bacteria, cells, and white blood cells)
pusa
acquired/adapt to protect you from future exposures
adaptive immunbity
slower, specific and has a memory
adaptive immunity
lymphocytes, T-cells and B-cells
adaptive immunity
fluid that lymphocytes carry into
lymph
T stands for
thymus
B stands for
Bursa of fabricius
bone marrow
Reticular connective tissue containing
lymphocytes
lymphatic tissue
3 major body fluids
blood
tissue fluid
lymph
example of lymphatic tissue (not considered an organ)
bone marrow
interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels
lymph
transport dietary lipids
lymphatic system
Returns excess filtration from capillaries- to
circulation
lymphatic system
◼ Transport dietary lipids
lymphatic system
organs for maintenance and distribution
lymphoid organs
Filter bacteria and help active defenses
lymphatic system
drains lymph from different tissue/organs of the
body
lymphatic system
destination of lymph is the
heart
cannot easily penetrate the walls of blood vessels
pathogens
Slightly larger than blood capillaries
lymphatic capillaries
Overlapping cells like one-way valve
lymphatic capillaries
will force fluid in lymphatic capillaries
pressure
❑ Thin walled and more valves than veins
lymphatic capillaries
Periodically have lymph nodes
lymphatic capillaries
Lymphocytes in capsuled structure
lymph nodes
pathway of lymphatic capillaries if draining at L subclavian vein
thoracic duct > L subclavian vein
pathway of lymphatic capillaries if draining at R subclavian vein
R. lymphatic duct > R. subclavian vein
❑ At junction with jugular
L. subclavian vein
oozes out of the tissues, assumes name
because fluid enters the tissues
tissue fluid
excess tissue drains back to the veins (however HP>OP) so
___ is still occurring
edema
drained by vessels
lymphatic drainage
pressure that exist when a fluid from a higher
diameter to a lower diamete
hydrostatic pressure
- pumping action of the heart is also involved
hydrostatic pressure
abnormal swelling due to the enlargement of tissue
due to tissue fluid
edema
- to be avoided, fluid needs to be drained back to the veins (however there is no hydrostatic pressure but osmotic pressure)
edema
refers to fluids
humoral
principal organ that filters lymph fluid
- large population of lymphocytes
- dominant kind is b lymphocytes
- b lymphocytes produces antibodies
lymph nodes
◼ From tissue to veins
lymphatic flow
◼ Pumped by muscle & respiratory pumps like
venous return
lymphatic flow
stem cells divide &
develop into mature B & T-cells
primary lymphatic organs
red bone marrow and thymus
are what kind of lymphatic organs
primary
immune responses occur
what organs
secondary organs
primary lymphoid organ
bursa of fabricius
During prenatal stages of development, ___ ___cannot produce blood cells
bone marrow
hematopoietic organ in babies to produce blood since bone marrow cannot create it
thymus
enlarge when there is immune response
tonsil
when there is a pathogen, it also becomes enlarged
appendix
❑ Lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules are what kind of lymphatic organs
secondary organs
is the only cells that can clone themselves (can undergo mitosis) (the more is produce, the more antibodies can be produced, the more profound the immune response will be)
b cells
what are needed for RBCs
stem cell
eryhropoietin
undergo clonal expansion
B cell
diseases caused by a chronic mosquito-borned aparasitic infection
- vector injects the parasite in a worm (worm enters lymphatic vessel)
filariasis
pathogens that are difficult to eradicate
filaria worm
disease that occurs when tiny parasite larvae are transferred to the body through mosquito bites
elephantiasis
Two lobed organ
Posterior to sternum, medial to lungs &
superior to heart
thymus
where T-cells divide & mature
thymus
___ ___ cells are removed in thymus
self reactive
Scattered throughout the body
lymph nodes
Concentrated near mammary glands, axilla &
groin
lymph nodes
Contain mature B-cells, T-cells dendritic cells
and macrophages
lymph nodes
Filter lymph, trap foreign substances
lymph nodes
destroy most foreign
substances
macrophages and lymphocytes
entry point is through the convex side of the capsule
lymph node
exit point is through the hilum side of the capsule
lymph node
example of nonvital organ (organ that can be removed and the person living a normal life)
spleen
◼ Between stomach & diaphragm
spleen
Contains blood filled venous sinuses and
RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes plasma
cells & granular leukocytes
spleen
destroys worn or defective blood cells &
platelets
spleen
◼ Stores platelets
spleen
◼ attacks foreign substances in blood
spleen
◼ Fetal hemopoiesis
spleen
physical and chemical barrier consisting of epidermal structure and constant shedding
skin
barrier composed of Sticky mucus layer straps microbes, etc. and cilia
move it out
mucous membranes
attaches to pathogens to make the WBC recognize
the pathogen and undergo phagocytosis
antibodies
tears, saliva, perspiration, nasal
secretions
what kind of barrier
fluids
Dilute and antibacterial action what kind of barrier
fluids
flow of urine, defecation &
vomiting
what kind of barrier
movementr
❑ Interfere with viral reproduction in a cell
interferons
❑ Enhance other immune actions
❑ Break cell membranes
❑ Attract phagocytes
❑ Tag microbial cells for destruction
complment system
bind iron and starve bacteria
transferrins
antimicrobial peptides include
lyse microbes
specialized to ingest microbes
and cellular debris
phagocytes
monocytes differentiate to become
macrophages
percent of lymhphocytes becoming NK Cells
5-10 percent
Destroy microbes & tumor cells
NK cells
❑ Present in lymph nodes & red bone marrow
NK cells
◼ Response to tissue damage indicated by redness, pain, heat and swelling
inflammation
inflammation process step 1
- Damage → mast cells, basophils & platelets release ____
histamine
release of this increased permeability & vasodilation in
blood vessels
histamine
inflammation step 2
Leakage of clotting proteins into tissue causes the isolation of bacteria behind ___
clot
inflammation step 3
_____ attracted to site
phagocytes
eat & die
what WBCs
neutrophils
macrophages
pocket of dead cells are called what
pus
Moves to body surface or into cavity & is cleared
pus
Abnormally high body temperature
fever
❑ New set-point of thermoregulation system
❑ Normal temperature control action with new set
point
fever
Stimulated by many toxins or internal signals
fever
stimulates fever
interleukin-1
Specifically directed against a particular type
of invader
adaptive immunity
◼ Involves cell or antibody directed against a
particular antigen
adaptive immunity
can be any substance: microbe, food,
pollen, tissue
antigen
◼ Normally self–tolerant
❑ Does not attack normal body tissue
adaptive immunity
From stem cells in red bone marrow _ cells mature in bone marrow
B cells
From stem cells in red bone marrow _ migrate to thymus
T cells
During maturation both make particular
proteins in plasma membranes called what
antigen receptors
T-cells attack directly
❑ Killer T-cells
what kind of response
cell-mediated
B cells become plasma cells
❑ Produce specific antibodies
antibody-mediated
aid both cell- and antibody mediated responses
Helper T cells
self
antigens on cells surface
what complex
major histocompatiblity complex
❑ Unique to each individual
MHC
◼ Allows T-cells to recognize foreign material
MHC
triggers plasma cell to produce antibodies
antigen
__ -shaped protein with variable antigen binding site on
arms
Y
Other end triggers recognition by
phagocyte
Requires recognizing the foreign antigen
adaptive response
can find foreign antigen anywhere
b cells
need presentation with MHC to recognize foreign antigen
T cells
a group of immune cells that are capable of processing and presenting antigens for recognition by T cells to initiate the adaptive cellular immune responses
APCs
macrophages, dendritic cells & B cells
APCs
In respiratory, GI, urinary, reproductive tracts
& lymph nodes
APCs
ingest & digest into fragments in
vesicle
APCs
Synthesize MHC & pack in vesicles
APCs
bind to MHC
antigen fragments
complex inserted into plasma
membrane
antigen-MHC
Presented to T-cells until a receptor matches
& binds
antigen MHC complex
also need costimulator
T cells
constimulator include
interleukin-2 (IL-2)
begins rapidly dividing
❑ Forms a clone of many recognizing cells
cell mediated immunity
Release IL2, attract phagocytes, stimulate
macrophages & B cells
Cell Mediated Immunity
kill cells
❑ Work against tumor cells transplanted cells &
infected cells
cytotoxic t cells
hang around for years, give
rapid response
memory t cells
◼ Hang out in lymph nodes
◼ Respond to antigen (faster if presented)
b cells and antibody mediated response
◼ With IL-2 enlarge, divide and become a clone
of plasma cells
◼ Plasma cells produce & release antibodies
that bind the antigen
antibody mediated response
Some remain as Memory B Cells
❑ Ready to respond quickly if antigen met again
B-cells
antibody class action that ❑ Binds and neutralizes toxins
neutralizing antigen
antibody class action that ❑ Connect pathogens to one another → easier
phagocytosis
agglutinating
❑ Binding attracts phagocytes
antibody class action
enhancing phagocytossi
◼ Long lasting antibodies & lymphocytes
immunological memory
Many sensitive memory cells →
◼ Much larger & quicker response next time =
secondary repsonse
can be naturally acquired
primary response
◼ Or artificially acquired by vaccination
immunological memoery
◼ Thymus atrophies
◼ Fewer responsive T cells
◼ Thus poorer B cell response
◼ Poorer response to new infection
aging
