Bone Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
trabecular bone, inner bone
A
spongy bone
2
Q
dense bone (osteons), outer bone
A
compact bone
3
Q
consist of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons and accounts for about 20 percent of body weight
A
skeletal system
4
Q
rigid framework that support and protect the soft organs of the body
A
skeleton
5
Q
bone that surround the brain to make it less vulnerable to injury
A
cranium
6
Q
surround and protect the spinal cord
A
vertebrae
7
Q
help protect the heart and lungs of the thorax
A
rib cage
8
Q
contains large amount of calcium salts, the most important being calcium phosphate
A
intercellular matrix
9
Q
released from the bones so that there will be an adequate supply for metabolic needs
A
calcium
10
Q
when blood calcium levels are increased, the excess calcium is stored here
A
bone matrix
11
Q
formation of blood cells, mostly take place in the red marrow of the bones
A
hematopoiesis
12
Q
where red marrow is found in infants
A
bone cavities
13
Q
limited to spongy bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis in adults
A
red marrow
14
Q
Functions in the formation of red blood, white blood cells, and blood platelets
A
red bone marrow
15
Q
Bone is comprised of (3)
A
cells
fibers
extracellular material
16
Q
Two main types of bone tissue
A
compact
spongy
17
Q
surrounds the spongy bone tissue
A
compact bone
18
Q
Three types of cells that contribute to bone homeostasis
A
osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclast
19
Q
bone-forming cell
A
osteoblast
20
Q
resorb or break down bone
A
osteoclast
21
Q
mature bone cells
A
osteocytes
22
Q
consist of closely packed osteons or haversian systems
A
compact bone
23
Q
are a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae
A
haversian systems
24
Q
consists of a central canal called the haversian canal
A
osteon
25
surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix
haversian canal
26
where the osteocytes are located
lacunae
27
small channels that radiate from the lacunae to the osteonic (haversian) canal to provide passageway through the hard matrix
canaliculi
28
space inside the long bones
medullary cavity
29
main component of the bone
matrix
30
where blood vessels interconnect in the long axis of the bone
perforating canals
31
connect central canals to one another
volkmann canals
32
lighter and less than compact bone
spongy (cancellous) bone
33
Consist of trabeculae and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow
spongy bone
34
Canaliculi connect to adjacent cavities instead of a central haversian canal to receive the blood supply
spongy bone
35
bone can develop by two processes
intramembranous ossification
endochondral bone formation
36
when osteoblast begin to make bone in mesenchymal connective tissue
intramembranous ossification
37
when osteoblasts begin to make bone in cartilage matrix
endochondral bone formation
38
woven bone, there is random collagen fiber orientation temporary bone that is removed or replaced with secondary bone
primary bone
39
known as lamellar bone, parallel collagen fibers arranged in layers, can become permanent but can be continuously remodeled
secondary bone
40
cortical bone, thick bone that requires internal blood supply; osteons
compact bone
41
known as spongy bone and cancellous bone, thin bone that can be nourished from outside
trabecular bone
42
Appears during development and repair; always looks trabecular
primary bone
43
Randomly oriented collagen fibers
primary bone
44
Temporary; usually replaced by mature lamellar bone or removed to make marrow cavity
primary bone
45
Can be compact or spongy/trabecular
secondary bone
46
Osteocytes in lacunae are between lamellae
secondary bone
47
arise from osteoprogenitor cells and these tumors are characterized by production of disorganized woven bone from mesenchyme
osteosarcoma
48
bone is deposited in connective tissue
intramembranous ossification
49
Type of bone development responsible for the formation of flat bones of skull and mandible
intramembranous ossification
50
Also responsible for initiation of bone formation in diaphysis in the bone collar
intramembranous ossification
51
Responsible for growth in diameter of long bones
intramembranous ossification
52
replacement of cartilage model with bone
endochondral ossification
53
Type of bone development for growth of length in long bones
endochondral bone formation
54
reserve of cells that will supply the other zones
resting cartilage
55
chondrocytes are actively proliferating, cells will appear in long columns
what stage
proliferation
56
chondrocytes stop dividing, swell, and secrete components to promote calcification
what stage of endochondral ossificaiton
maturation
57
chondrocytes will release substances that will begin matrix calcification by forming hydroxyapatite crystals (Chondrocytes die)
what stage of endochondral ossification
calcification
58
capillaries in osteoprogenitor cells will invade the cavities in the chondrocytes have died
what stage of endochondral bone formation
ossification
59
bone growth will continue until the closure of these
epiphyseal growth plate
60
acromegaly before growth plate closure, proportional growth in all body tissues
gigantism
61
changes in face shape with aging, after growth plate pressure
acromegaly
62
development of bones
osteogenesis
63
Osteoblasts migrate to the membrane and deposit bony matrix around themselves
type of ossificaiton
intramembranous ossification
64
when osteoblast are surrounded by matrix they are called this
osteocytes
65
involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue
endochondral ossification
66
bones formed by endochondral ossification
endochondral bones
67
Future bones are first formed as hyaline cartilage models, but during the third month after conception, the perichondrium that surrounds the hyaline cartilage models becomes infiltrated with blood vessels and osteoblast and changes into a periosteum
endochondral ossification
68
when osteoblast penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it
with spongy bone
primary ossification center
69
break down the newly formed bone to open up the medullary cavity
osteoclast
70
occurs after birth in the epiphyses, similar to that in the diaphysis except that spongy bone is retained instead of being broken down to form a medullary cavity
secondary ossification center
71
When secondary ossification is complete, the hyaline cartilage is totally replaced by bone except in two areas:
articular cartilage
epiphyseal plate
72
region of hyaline cartilage that remain over the surface of the epiphysis
articular cartilage
73
area of cartilage remaining between the epiphysis and diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
74
process in which the cartilage at the region of the epiphyseal plate continues to grow
mitosis
75
nfluenced by growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland and sex hormones from ovaries and testes
bone growth
76
increase in diameter in response to stress from increased muscle activity or to weight
appositional growth
77
number of bones in the human skeleton
206
78
Bones is divided into two groups based on location
axial
appendicular
79
long axis of body, includes the skull, vertebral column, rib cage
▪Includes 80 bones
▪Form the vertical axis of the body
axial skeleton
80
bones of upper and lower limbs, girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
appendicular skelton
81
Consist of 126 bones and includes the free appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
82
Bones are classified according to one of four shapes:
long bones
short bone
flat bones
irregular bones
83
longer than they are wide, limb bones
long bones
84
▪Consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities
▪Primarily compact bone but may have large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities
▪ include bones of the thigh, leg, arm, and forearm
long bones
85
vary in size and number in different individuals
short bones
86
bones in wrist and ankle
cube-shaped bones
87
form within tendons (patella
sesamoid bones
88
▪Roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal
▪Consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone
short bones
89
thin, flat, slightly curved found in sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
flat bones
90
complicated shapes, vertebrae and hip bones
irregular bone
91
primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone
what shape of bone
irregular bone
92
bears all the body’s weight in the lower leg
tibia
93
how many skeleton in axial
80
94
two or more bones coming together
articulation/joint
95
2 methods of classifying joints:
degree of motion
structure
96
tissues and/or fluid that fills the joint space
structure
97
classified by amount of movement that joint can perform:
degree of motion
98
non-movable, ex. Bones of the skull
synarthrosis
99
Bomes come in very close contact and are separated by only a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
what kind of joint
synarthrosis
100
slightly movable joint ex. Invertebral disc
what kind of joint
amphiarthrosis
101
Connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
what kind of jjoint
amphiarthrosis
102
slightly movable joint in which there is a fibrocartilage pad between the two bones in the pelvic girdle
symphysis pubis
103
freely movable joint ex. Knee
diarthrosis
104
Ends of the opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, the articular cartilage, and they are separated by a spaced called the joint cavity
diarthrosis
105
joint classified by what fills space within joint
structural classification
106
space between bones filled with fibrous tissue
fibrous joint
107
narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of the skull
what kind of fibrous joint
suture
108
an immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue (e.g. between the fibula and tibia at the ankle
syndesmoses
109
ligaments anchoring the tooth to the gum
the specialized fibrous joint that anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw) of the skull
gomphosis
110
space between the bones is filled with cartilage
cartilaginous joint
111
space between bones is filled with fluid and surrounding supporting connective tissue
synovial joint
112
produces synovial fluid
synovial membrane
113
lubricant for the joint
synovial fluid
114
shaft of long bon; made up mostly of compact bone
diaphysis
115
broad end of long bone; mostly spongy bone
epihpysis
116
growth area between diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
117
hyaline cartilage at joint
articular cartilage
118
fibrous covering over most of bone
periosteum
119
marrow with fat and blood cells
medullary cavity
120
membrane lining medullary cavity
endosteum
121
25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% mineral salts
what component of bone
matrx
122
found in periosteum
what kind of bone cell
osteogenic cells
123
formed in monocytes that wandered in the bone, digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover
osteoclast
124
stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
calcitonin
125
increasing levels of calcium in the blood when they are low
parathyroid hormone
126
cylinders running parallel to long axis of bone
osteons
127
“lakes” between lamellae that contain osteocytes
lacunae
128
little canals, containing extensions of osteocytes, permit the flow of ECF between central canal and lacunae
canaliculi
129
carry blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves from periosteum, supply central canals and bone marrow
volkmann's canals
130
known as ossification
bone formation
131
early connective tissue model, initial skeleton model replaced by bone tissue beginning at 6 weeks of embryonic life
mesenchyme
132
read the development of bone in intramembranous
+1
133
read the formatio of bone in endochondral
+1
134
incomplete break (crack) fracture
partial
135
bone broken into two or more pieces
kind of fracture
complete
136
broken not through skin
closed
137
broken ends break skin
open fracture
138
increase strength, help in balance and absorb shocks
curves
