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General Physiology > Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

trabecular bone, inner bone

A

spongy bone

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2
Q

dense bone (osteons), outer bone

A

compact bone

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3
Q

consist of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons and accounts for about 20 percent of body weight

A

skeletal system

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4
Q

rigid framework that support and protect the soft organs of the body

A

skeleton

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5
Q

bone that surround the brain to make it less vulnerable to injury

A

cranium

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6
Q

surround and protect the spinal cord

A

vertebrae

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7
Q

help protect the heart and lungs of the thorax

A

rib cage

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8
Q

contains large amount of calcium salts, the most important being calcium phosphate

A

intercellular matrix

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9
Q

released from the bones so that there will be an adequate supply for metabolic needs

A

calcium

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10
Q

when blood calcium levels are increased, the excess calcium is stored here

A

bone matrix

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11
Q

formation of blood cells, mostly take place in the red marrow of the bones

A

hematopoiesis

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12
Q

where red marrow is found in infants

A

bone cavities

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13
Q

limited to spongy bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis in adults

A

red marrow

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14
Q

Functions in the formation of red blood, white blood cells, and blood platelets

A

red bone marrow

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15
Q

Bone is comprised of (3)

A

cells
fibers
extracellular material

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16
Q

Two main types of bone tissue

A

compact
spongy

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17
Q

surrounds the spongy bone tissue

A

compact bone

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18
Q

Three types of cells that contribute to bone homeostasis

A

osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclast

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19
Q

bone-forming cell

A

osteoblast

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20
Q

resorb or break down bone

A

osteoclast

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21
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

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22
Q

consist of closely packed osteons or haversian systems

A

compact bone

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23
Q

are a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae

A

haversian systems

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24
Q

consists of a central canal called the haversian canal

A

osteon

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25
Q

surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix

A

haversian canal

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26
Q

where the osteocytes are located

A

lacunae

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27
Q

small channels that radiate from the lacunae to the osteonic (haversian) canal to provide passageway through the hard matrix

A

canaliculi

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28
Q

space inside the long bones

A

medullary cavity

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29
Q

main component of the bone

A

matrix

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30
Q

where blood vessels interconnect in the long axis of the bone

A

perforating canals

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31
Q

connect central canals to one another

A

volkmann canals

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32
Q

lighter and less than compact bone

A

spongy (cancellous) bone

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33
Q

Consist of trabeculae and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow

A

spongy bone

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34
Q

Canaliculi connect to adjacent cavities instead of a central haversian canal to receive the blood supply

A

spongy bone

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35
Q

bone can develop by two processes

A

intramembranous ossification
endochondral bone formation

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36
Q

when osteoblast begin to make bone in mesenchymal connective tissue

A

intramembranous ossification

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37
Q

when osteoblasts begin to make bone in cartilage matrix

A

endochondral bone formation

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38
Q

woven bone, there is random collagen fiber orientation temporary bone that is removed or replaced with secondary bone

A

primary bone

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39
Q

known as lamellar bone, parallel collagen fibers arranged in layers, can become permanent but can be continuously remodeled

A

secondary bone

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40
Q

cortical bone, thick bone that requires internal blood supply; osteons

A

compact bone

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41
Q

known as spongy bone and cancellous bone, thin bone that can be nourished from outside

A

trabecular bone

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42
Q

Appears during development and repair; always looks trabecular

A

primary bone

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43
Q

Randomly oriented collagen fibers

A

primary bone

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44
Q

Temporary; usually replaced by mature lamellar bone or removed to make marrow cavity

A

primary bone

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45
Q

Can be compact or spongy/trabecular

A

secondary bone

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46
Q

Osteocytes in lacunae are between lamellae

A

secondary bone

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47
Q

arise from osteoprogenitor cells and these tumors are characterized by production of disorganized woven bone from mesenchyme

A

osteosarcoma

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48
Q

bone is deposited in connective tissue

A

intramembranous ossification

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49
Q

Type of bone development responsible for the formation of flat bones of skull and mandible

A

intramembranous ossification

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50
Q

Also responsible for initiation of bone formation in diaphysis in the bone collar

A

intramembranous ossification

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51
Q

Responsible for growth in diameter of long bones

A

intramembranous ossification

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52
Q

replacement of cartilage model with bone

A

endochondral ossification

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53
Q

Type of bone development for growth of length in long bones

A

endochondral bone formation

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54
Q

reserve of cells that will supply the other zones

A

resting cartilage

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55
Q

chondrocytes are actively proliferating, cells will appear in long columns

what stage

A

proliferation

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56
Q

chondrocytes stop dividing, swell, and secrete components to promote calcification

what stage of endochondral ossificaiton

A

maturation

57
Q

chondrocytes will release substances that will begin matrix calcification by forming hydroxyapatite crystals (Chondrocytes die)

what stage of endochondral ossification

A

calcification

58
Q

capillaries in osteoprogenitor cells will invade the cavities in the chondrocytes have died

what stage of endochondral bone formation

A

ossification

59
Q

bone growth will continue until the closure of these

A

epiphyseal growth plate

60
Q

acromegaly before growth plate closure, proportional growth in all body tissues

A

gigantism

61
Q

changes in face shape with aging, after growth plate pressure

A

acromegaly

62
Q

development of bones

A

osteogenesis

63
Q

Osteoblasts migrate to the membrane and deposit bony matrix around themselves

type of ossificaiton

A

intramembranous ossification

64
Q

when osteoblast are surrounded by matrix they are called this

A

osteocytes

65
Q

involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue

A

endochondral ossification

66
Q

bones formed by endochondral ossification

A

endochondral bones

67
Q

Future bones are first formed as hyaline cartilage models, but during the third month after conception, the perichondrium that surrounds the hyaline cartilage models becomes infiltrated with blood vessels and osteoblast and changes into a periosteum

A

endochondral ossification

68
Q

when osteoblast penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it
with spongy bone

A

primary ossification center

69
Q

break down the newly formed bone to open up the medullary cavity

A

osteoclast

70
Q

occurs after birth in the epiphyses, similar to that in the diaphysis except that spongy bone is retained instead of being broken down to form a medullary cavity

A

secondary ossification center

71
Q

When secondary ossification is complete, the hyaline cartilage is totally replaced by bone except in two areas:

A

articular cartilage
epiphyseal plate

72
Q

region of hyaline cartilage that remain over the surface of the epiphysis

A

articular cartilage

73
Q

area of cartilage remaining between the epiphysis and diaphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

74
Q

process in which the cartilage at the region of the epiphyseal plate continues to grow

A

mitosis

75
Q

nfluenced by growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland and sex hormones from ovaries and testes

A

bone growth

76
Q

increase in diameter in response to stress from increased muscle activity or to weight

A

appositional growth

77
Q

number of bones in the human skeleton

A

206

78
Q

Bones is divided into two groups based on location

A

axial
appendicular

79
Q

long axis of body, includes the skull, vertebral column, rib cage
▪Includes 80 bones
▪Form the vertical axis of the body

A

axial skeleton

80
Q

bones of upper and lower limbs, girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

A

appendicular skelton

81
Q

Consist of 126 bones and includes the free appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton

A

appendicular skeleton

82
Q

Bones are classified according to one of four shapes:

A

long bones
short bone
flat bones
irregular bones

83
Q

longer than they are wide, limb bones

A

long bones

84
Q

▪Consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities
▪Primarily compact bone but may have large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities
▪ include bones of the thigh, leg, arm, and forearm

A

long bones

85
Q

vary in size and number in different individuals

A

short bones

86
Q

bones in wrist and ankle

A

cube-shaped bones

87
Q

form within tendons (patella

A

sesamoid bones

88
Q

▪Roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal
▪Consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone

A

short bones

89
Q

thin, flat, slightly curved found in sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

A

flat bones

90
Q

complicated shapes, vertebrae and hip bones

A

irregular bone

91
Q

primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone

what shape of bone

A

irregular bone

92
Q

bears all the body’s weight in the lower leg

A

tibia

93
Q

how many skeleton in axial

A

80

94
Q

two or more bones coming together

A

articulation/joint

95
Q

2 methods of classifying joints:

A

degree of motion
structure

96
Q

tissues and/or fluid that fills the joint space

A

structure

97
Q

classified by amount of movement that joint can perform:

A

degree of motion

98
Q

non-movable, ex. Bones of the skull

A

synarthrosis

99
Q

Bomes come in very close contact and are separated by only a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

what kind of joint

A

synarthrosis

100
Q

slightly movable joint ex. Invertebral disc

what kind of joint

A

amphiarthrosis

101
Q

Connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

what kind of jjoint

A

amphiarthrosis

102
Q

slightly movable joint in which there is a fibrocartilage pad between the two bones in the pelvic girdle

A

symphysis pubis

103
Q

freely movable joint ex. Knee

A

diarthrosis

104
Q

Ends of the opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, the articular cartilage, and they are separated by a spaced called the joint cavity

A

diarthrosis

105
Q

joint classified by what fills space within joint

A

structural classification

106
Q

space between bones filled with fibrous tissue

A

fibrous joint

107
Q

narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of the skull

what kind of fibrous joint

A

suture

108
Q

an immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue (e.g. between the fibula and tibia at the ankle

A

syndesmoses

109
Q

ligaments anchoring the tooth to the gum

the specialized fibrous joint that anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw) of the skull

A

gomphosis

110
Q

space between the bones is filled with cartilage

A

cartilaginous joint

111
Q

space between bones is filled with fluid and surrounding supporting connective tissue

A

synovial joint

112
Q

produces synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

113
Q

lubricant for the joint

A

synovial fluid

114
Q

shaft of long bon; made up mostly of compact bone

A

diaphysis

115
Q

broad end of long bone; mostly spongy bone

A

epihpysis

116
Q

growth area between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphysis

117
Q

hyaline cartilage at joint

A

articular cartilage

118
Q

fibrous covering over most of bone

A

periosteum

119
Q

marrow with fat and blood cells

A

medullary cavity

120
Q

membrane lining medullary cavity

A

endosteum

121
Q

25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% mineral salts

what component of bone

A

matrx

122
Q

found in periosteum

what kind of bone cell

A

osteogenic cells

123
Q

formed in monocytes that wandered in the bone, digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover

A

osteoclast

124
Q

stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone

A

calcitonin

125
Q

increasing levels of calcium in the blood when they are low

A

parathyroid hormone

126
Q

cylinders running parallel to long axis of bone

A

osteons

127
Q

“lakes” between lamellae that contain osteocytes

A

lacunae

128
Q

little canals, containing extensions of osteocytes, permit the flow of ECF between central canal and lacunae

A

canaliculi

129
Q

carry blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves from periosteum, supply central canals and bone marrow

A

volkmann’s canals

130
Q

known as ossification

A

bone formation

131
Q

early connective tissue model, initial skeleton model replaced by bone tissue beginning at 6 weeks of embryonic life

A

mesenchyme

132
Q

read the development of bone in intramembranous

A

+1

133
Q

read the formatio of bone in endochondral

A

+1

134
Q

incomplete break (crack) fracture

A

partial

135
Q

bone broken into two or more pieces

kind of fracture

A

complete

136
Q

broken not through skin

A

closed

137
Q

broken ends break skin

A

open fracture

138
Q

increase strength, help in balance and absorb shocks

A

curves

General Physiology (15 decks)

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