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General Physiology > Module 3 Laboratory > Flashcards

Module 3 Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

attach to the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs primarily in the head and neck

A

cranial nerves

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2
Q

 Majority of them are “mixed” and serve both sensory and motor functions of the neck and head

A

cranial nerves

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3
Q

 Few pairs are exclusively sensory and associated with special senses such as vision and hearing

A

cranial nerves

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4
Q

 Others are involved in the control of muscles and glands

A

cranial nerves

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5
Q

– how many pairs of nerves leave the ventral surface of the brain

A

12 pairs

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6
Q

– numbering of cranial nerve that indicate the order in which the nerve emerges from the brain stem moving from anterior to posterior

A

roman numeral

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7
Q

cluster of neurons in each cranial nerve that integrates incoming sensory information and/or outgoing motor control

A

nucleus

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8
Q

two locations where the nuclei of cranial nerves I through IV are found

A

forebrain and midbrain

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9
Q

two locations where the nuclei of cranial nerves V through XII are found

A

hindbrain’s pons and medulla oblongata

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10
Q

cell bodies outside the brain in clusters (PNS)

A

ganglia

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11
Q

cell bodies of motor neurons are found in what matter of the brain

A

grey matter

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12
Q

cranial nerves that are strictly sensory and carry this information to the central nervous system for interpretation

A

cranial nerves I, II, VIII

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13
Q

cranial nerves that function primarily to move muscles but each has some sensory function that relays proprioception information about the state of each muscle to the central nervous system

A

Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, XII

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14
Q

mixed nerves, having both sensory and motor functions

A

Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X

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15
Q

assessment of this is commonly done as part of a general physical examination of the head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, and neck as performed by a physician, physician’s assistant, nurse, or paramedic

A

cranial nerve function

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16
Q
  • Professionals who perform a more comprehensive examination of the cranial nerve functions is usually done by specialists such as (4)
A

 Neurologists
 Ophthalmologists
 Optometrist
 Audiologists

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17
Q
  • Materials used in the module 3:
A
  1. Nonirritating substance
  2. 10% salt solution
  3. 10% sugar solution
  4. Snellen chart
  5. Meter stick
  6. Cotton
  7. Cotton swab
  8. Tongue depressor
  9. Pen light
  10. 256 Hz tuning fork
  11. Reflex hammer with brush pin
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18
Q

subject is asked to identify with eyes closed each of the nonirritating odors

A

Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve

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19
Q

 Odors should be familiar to the subject to be able to differentiate between and inability to smell substance and an inability to identify it
 Each nostril is tested separately (one finger must cover the other nostril

what cranial nerve is tested

A

cranial nerve I

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20
Q

two tests are being performed to test this cranial nerve: visual acuity and visual fields

A

cranial nerve II: Optic Nerve

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21
Q

sharpness of vision when looking at near as well as distant objects using the standardized chart such as Snellen Test Letter Chart

A

visual acuity

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22
Q

measures visual acuity, which is the clearness or sharpness of vision

A

eye chart

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23
Q

distance in feet from chart

snellen chart

A

top number/numerator

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24
Q

distance at which a person with normal eyesight can read the same line

snellen chart

A

bottom number

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25
Q

 Position on the subject on mark exactly ___ feet from the chart

A

20

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26
Q

 If the person wears glasses or contact lenses, leave them on/off . Cover one/two eye at a time

A

on
one

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27
Q

 Subject is asked to read through the chart to the smallest line of letters possible
 Record the resulting numeric fraction at the end of the last successful line read
 Indicate whether any letters were missed and whether corrective lenses were worn ex. O.D. 20/30 with glasses

what CN is tested

A

CN2

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28
Q

– normal visual acuity

A

20/20

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29
Q

distance the person is standing from the chart

A

numerator

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30
Q

gives the distance at which a normal eye can read a particular line

A

denominator

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31
Q

test in the visual field for Cranial nerve II that involves the positioning of the examiner at eye level with the subject and at about 2 feet away

A

confrontation test

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32
Q

 One eye covered with an opaque card to look straight at the examiner with the other eye
 Pencil acts as the target midline between you and the subject and slowly advance it in the periphery in several directions (upward, downward, temporally, nasally)
 Ask the subject to say now as the object is first seen: this should be just as you see the object also

what CN2 test

A

confrontation test

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33
Q

tested using the observation of how much the iris is covered by the eyelid (one-third is normal value)

A

CN6: Abducens Nerve

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34
Q

 Observation if ptosis is present

what CN nerve

A

CN6

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35
Q

when upper eyelid of one or both eyes droops over your eye

A

ptosis

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36
Q

 Examination of the pupil includes:

A

 If they are the same size
 Round or oval?
 Center of the eye facing forward or deviated to the side?

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37
Q

normal values of the eye include

A

 Round
 equal in size
 about 2-3mm in diameter
 center of the eye

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38
Q

 check pupillary response by holding a penlight about ___cm to the side of eye and shining it directly into the pupil:

A

20

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39
Q

pupillary constriction in the eye

A

direct light reflex

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40
Q

simultaneously constriction in the untested eye

A

consensual eye reflex

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41
Q

 grade based on the following:
___ (4+)
less than brisk (3+)
_____ (2+)
very slow (1+)
absent (0)

A

brisk
slow

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42
Q

 move pencil from a distance of 1 m in front of the subject to within 3 cm of his or her nose. As the subject gazes at the moving object, note convergence of the eyes (the eyes become crossed) and the pupillary constriction that normally accompanies the convergence

 subject is asked to cover one eye and keep his or head motionless as you move the object within the visual field about 30 cm from the eye
 ask the subject to follow the pencil with his or her eye (up, down, left, right, up right, downright, up left, down left)
 movement should occur precisely

what CN is tested

A

CN6 abducens nerve

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43
Q

a condition where the eyes move rapidly and uncontrollably

A

nystagmus

44
Q

 should be no nystagmus on elevation and depression of the eyes, but a small amount at the extreme of any lateral or medial gaze is normal/abnormal

A

normal

45
Q

tested by placing the fingertips on the temporalis muscle at each temple of the subject and asking the subject to clench their teeth several times

A

CN6: Trigeminal nerve

46
Q

 Both sides should have the same strength
 The strength of masseter is also tested by palpating just above and to the front of the angle of the lower jaw (contractions should be symmetrical and equal)
 Opening of mouth to check if any deviation of the jaw to the right or left (normal should have no deviation)
 Test the skin sensitivity to the sensitivity of light touch (cotton ball) and pain (pin prick) by telling when the stimulus is applied (eyes closed)

what CN nerve is tested

A

CNV: Trigeminal Nerve

47
Q

strength of this is tested by asking the subject to grip a tongue depressor with his or her teeth on each side while you extract the tongue depressor (strength of closure should bilaterally be good)

A

jaw closure

48
Q

movement of lower jaw side to side to assess this muscle function (smoothly and equally)

what muscle

A

pterygoid muscle

49
Q

tested by pulling a piece of cotton from a cotton ball, and forming it into a long thin strand. Ask the subject to loop up and away from you, and touch the cornea with the piece of cotton, making the eyes blink (test on both eyes)

A

corneal reflexes

50
Q

motor and sensory function is tested (motor = asking the subject to show teeth and smile, lift the eyebrows, frown, and close the eyes) (sensory (tested using a sugar or salt solution by placing a few drops on half the anterior two thirds of the tongue and instruct the subject to keep the tongue out until they have tested the substance)

A

CNVII: Facial Nerve

51
Q

tested by Weber test or Rinne test

A

CNVII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve

52
Q

vibrating tuning fork in the midline of the skull and hearing the tone by bone conduction (BC) through the skull

A

Weber test

53
Q

compares air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC)

A

Rinne test

54
Q

 Stem of the vibrating tuning fork is placed on the mastoid process and the subject is asked to signal when the sound goes away
 Fork is inverted and placed now near the end canal: the subject should still hear a sound
 Normally, the sound is heard twice as long by AC (near to ear canal) as by BC (through the mastoid process)

what test

A

Rinne test

55
Q

 Positive rinne test is (AC __ BC)

A

greater than (>)

56
Q

tested by asking the subject to open their mouth and say “ah”, noting the position of the soft palate and uvula at rest and with phonation

A

CNX: Vagus Nerve

57
Q

 Ask the subject to swallow and note any difficulty
 Test for gag reflex
 Test for taste on each side of the posterior one third of the tongue

what nerve

A

CNX: Vagus Nerve

58
Q

– tested by putting one hand on the cheek of the subject and telling the subject to turn their head against your hand as you resist the movement

A

CN XI: Spinal accessory nerve

59
Q

muscle that is palpated for the spinal accessory nerve assessment

A

sternocleidomastoid

60
Q

 Placement of hand on subject’s shoulders and testing the subject’s shrug as they attempt to elevate the shoulders while you press down with both hands
 Trapezius muscle is tested
 No fasciculations (happens when a single peripheral nerve that controls a muscle is overactive, resulting in involuntary muscle movement.)

what CN nerve

A

CNXI: Spinal accesosry nerve

61
Q

tested by asking the subject to protrude their tongue to the middle, checking for deviation of the tongue tip and atrophy of the muscle in right or left of the tongue
 Normally, the tip of the protruded tongue will not deviate from the midline and the tongue will appear symmetrical

what CN Nerve

A

CNXII: Hypoglossal nerve

62
Q
  • Cranial Nerves, include their function
A

I. Olfactory Nerve (Sensory)
II. Optic Nerve (Sensory)
III. Occulomotor Nerve (Motor)
IV. Trochlear nerve (Motor)
V. Trigeminal Nerve (Mixed)
VI. Abducens Nerve (Motor)
VII. Facial Nerve (Mixed)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve (sensory)
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve (mixed)
X. Vagus nerve (mixed)
XI. Spinal accessory nerve (motor)
XII. Hypoglossal nerve (motor)

63
Q

-tested on each side (close off other nostrils) with help of odor of common items such as coffee, soap, cloves, etc.

A

olfactory nerve (CNI)

64
Q

abnormal findings in olfactory nerve wherein there is an inability to detect smells, as seen with frontal lobe lesion

A

anosmia

65
Q

– testing for visual acuity with the Snellen eye chart (separate eye test at a distance of 20ft)

A

optic nerve

66
Q

peripheral vision is tested using this wherein each quadrant is checked by asking the patient to fix his gaze straight forward and therapist showing different numbers with fingers in each quadrant which patient has to identify and detect homonymous hemianopoia

what method

A

confrontation method

67
Q

impaired far vision

A

myopia

68
Q

impaired near vision

A

presbyopia

69
Q

pupillary reflex is tested by having the patient stare into the distance as the examiner shines penlight oblique into each pupil

A

occulomotor nerve

70
Q

 Abnormal findings include the absence of pupillary constrictions

A

occulomotor nerve damage

71
Q

unequal pupillary size/shape

A

anisocoria

72
Q

trio of nerves tested for extraocular movement
 Patient is asked to look in each direction and follow moving finger in the figure of H without moving the head
 Abnormal finding include strabismus (also known as hypertropia and crossed eyes — is misalignment of the eyes, causing one eye to deviate inward (esotropia) toward the nose, or outward (exotropia), while the other eye remains focused), double vision, and impaired eye movement

A

Oculomotor
trochlear
abducens

73
Q

tested by the sensory-face function of pain, light touch sensations, cheeks, jaw on both sides

A

trigeminal nerve

74
Q

 Corneal reflex is also tested by touching the wisp of cotton in the outer corner and blinking
 Abnormal findings are loss of fascial sensation, trigeminal neuralgia
 Temporal and masseter muscles are palpated by having the patient clench
their teeth or hold jaw against resistance
 Weakness, wasting of muscles when opened, and deviation of jaw to ipsilateral side

what nerve

A

trigeminal nerve

75
Q

test facial muscle by raising eyebrows, frown, show teeth, smile, close eyes tightly, puff out both cheeks

A

facial nerve

76
Q

 Abnormal findings include the inability to close eye, drooping corner of mouth, difficulty with speech articulation
 Sensory is tested by applying saline solution and sugar solution using a cotton swab

A

facial nerve testing

77
Q

testing eye-head coordination: vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) with the patient’s eye fixed rotation of head by 20 degrees and take back to midline rapidly (look for movement of eyes)

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

78
Q

 Abnormal findings include vertigo, disequilibrium, gaze instability with head rotation and nystagmus

A

vestibulocochlear testing

79
Q

function for phonation and swallowing, listening to voice quality, palatal and pharyngeal control

2 nerves

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus nerve

80
Q

(hoarseness denoted in vocal cord weakness)

A

dysphonia

81
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

dysphagia

82
Q

 Abnormalities in palatal control include the failure to elevate-lesion of CN 10; and asymmetrical elevation with unilateral paralysis

what cn

A

vagus nerve

83
Q

– stimulate the back of the throat lightly on each side reflex contraction of back and throat to remove the stimulus out

A

gag reflex

84
Q

 Abnormal findings include absent reflex (lesion of CN9 and possibly 10)

A

gag reflex

85
Q

test the bulk of trapezium muscle (bulk and shrug)

A

spinal accessory nerve

86
Q

 Abnormal finding include atrophy, fasciculation, and ipsilateral weakness (bulk)
 Abnormal finding include inability to shrug ipsilateral shoulder, shoulder droop

A

spinal accesory nerve

87
Q

checked for bulk and strength (turn each side against resistance for checking of strength of muscle on opposite side)
 Abnormal findings include the inability to turn the head opposite side, weakness of ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid and contralateral trapezius

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

88
Q

tongue movement is observed by listening to patient’s articulation (abnormal = dysarthria, difficulty speaking)

A

hypoglossal nerve

89
Q

first cranial nerve
 Originates in cerebrum and olfactory epithelium
 Function in smell
 2 main braches in superior nasal concha and nasal septum

A

olfactory nerve

90
Q

second cranial nerve and contains only afferent fibers
 Originate in cerebrum and optic disk
 Function in sensory information
 Damage to this nerve can cause loss of vision

A

optic nerve

91
Q

third cranial nerve that controls four muscles in the eye
 Originate in the oculomotor nucleus, midbrain
 Function in eye movement
 Damage can cause deficits in in the ipsilateral eye

what nerve

A

CNIII: occulomotor nerve

92
Q

responsible to make the eye move/look down
 Originate in the midbrain, trochlear nucleus
 Function in eye movement in the superior oblique muscle
 Shortest cranial nerve

A

trochlear nerve

93
Q

largest of the cranial nerves
 Largest of the cranial nerves
 Originate in the midbrain, pons, medulla, upper spinal cord
 Function in sensory and motor

A

trigeminal nerve

94
Q

3 main branches of trigeminal nerve include

A

ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

95
Q

– originate in the pons, function in the lateral movement of the eye and works with the oculomotor nerve (CN III) and trochlear nerve (CN IV)
 Abducts the lateral rectus muscle
 Abducens nerve palsy

A

abducens nerve

96
Q

originate in the brain stem which function in motor (facial expression) and sensory (innervates external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, and pinna of the ear)
 Taste and parasympathetic fibers (supply glands)

A

facial nerves

97
Q

Emerges from the brainstem between the pons and medulla composed of two nerves that functions for sensory purposes

A

auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve

98
Q

equilibrium

A

auditory/vestibulocochlear

99
Q

hearing

A

cochelar

100
Q

cranial nerve 9 that originate in the medulla oblongata
 Targets pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, parotid gland, and carotid artery
 Functions in sensory (taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue) and motor functions (stylopharyngeus muscle promoting swallowing and saliva production)

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

101
Q

cranial nerve 10, which means “wandering”, originate in the medulla oblongata
 Target pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, thoracic, and abdominal viscera
 Mixed nerve: sensory (special sensory) and motor (parasympathetic) functions
 Digestive activity, respiration of the lungs, swallowing, heart rate
 Other functions are immune responses, mood, mucus and saliva production, skin and muscle sensations, speech, taste, urine outpu

A

vagus nerve

102
Q

originate in the cranial (medulla) and spinal (cervical spinal cord)
 Also known as the spinal accessory nerve

A

accessory nerve

103
Q

Travels with the vagus nerve, controlling muscles of pharynx, palate, and larynx

what portion of spinal accessory nerve

A

cranial

104
Q

Travels to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

what portion of spinal accessory nerve

A

spinal

105
Q

Facilitates head movements and neck flexion

what muscle

A

sternocleidomastoid

106
Q

Involved in neck and shoulder movements, including shrugging and raising arms

what muscle

A

trapezius

107
Q

originate in the medulla oblongata, purely motor nerve, controls all muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus(
 hypo means under and glossal means tongue
 divided into intrinsic muscles and extrinsic muscles
 intrinsic muscles include superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical
 extrinsic muscles include genioglossus (bulk of the tongue), hyoglossus, styloglossus

A

hypoglossal nerve

General Physiology (15 decks)

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