Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
transport substances
A
blood
2
Q
regulate life processes
A
blood
3
Q
pumps blood throughout the body
A
heart
4
Q
carries blood away from and back to the heart
A
blood vessels
5
Q
transports various substances, helps regulate several life processes, and affords protection against diseases
A
blood
6
Q
makes up almost 8% of total blood weight
A
blood
7
Q
percentage by volume of plasma in blood
A
55%
8
Q
percentage b yvolume of formed elements in blood
A
45%
9
Q
in plasma how much is water
A
91
10
Q
in plasma how much isproteins
A
7
11
Q
in plasma how much is solutes
A
2
12
Q
in formed elements how much RBCs are present
A
4.2-6.2 million
13
Q
how many WBCs are present
A
5-10 thousand
14
Q
how many platelets are present
A
250-400 thousand
15
Q
proteins present in plasma
A
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
16
Q
other solutes present in plasma
A
ions
nutrients
waste ptoructs
gases
reuglatory substances
17
Q
WBCs present in blood
A
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
18
Q
highest amount present in blood
which WBC
A
neutrophils (60-70%)
19
Q
second highest amount of WBC present
A
Lymphocytes (20-25)
20
Q
third highest WBC present
A
monocyte (3-8)
21
Q
fourth highest WBC present
A
eosinophil (2-4)
22
Q
least amount of WBC present
A
Basophil (0.5-1)
23
Q
erythrocytes are formed from which hemocytoblast differentiation
A
proerythroblast
24
Q
granulocytes
A
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
25
Granulocytes are formed from what hemocytoblast differentiation
myeloblast
26
agranulocytes
lymphocyte
monocyte
27
lymphocyte differentiated from what hemocytoblast differentiation
lymphoblast
28
monocyte differentiated from which hemocytoblast
monoblast
29
thrombocytes came from what hemocytoblast diffentiation
megakaryoblast
30
study what cells look like under the microscope
+1
31
shape of erythrocytes
biconcave
32
are erythrocytes nucleated?
no
33
main protein in erythrocytes
hemoglobin
34
The form of hemoglobin without oxygen, the predominant protein in red blood cells
deoxyhemoglobin
35
the normal, oxygen-carrying form of hemoglobin in which iron is in the reduced (ferrous) state.
oxyhemoglobin
36
erythrocytes cell membrane is associated with a flexible protein called what
spectrin
37
erythrocytes last up to how many months
4 months
38
produced in red bone marroe
erythrocytes
39
immature RBCs with retained residual nuclear material
reticulocyte
40
high percentage of RBCs with great variations in size
anisocytosis
41
increased RBCs
polycythemia
42
decreased RBCs
anemia
43
a form of the inherited blood disorder, sickle cell disease
sickle cell anemia
44
can migrate out of the bloodstream
leukocytes
45
movement of leukocytes
ameboid
46
are attracted to a specific stimuli
leukocytes
47
process of leukocytes against pathogens
phagocytosis
48
classification acording to granulated cytoplasm
granulocytes
agranulocytes
49
most common WBC in circulation (60-70 percent)
neutrophil
50
has 3 to 5 lobes in nucleus
neutrophils
51
first responder of immune cells
neutrophils
52
main cells found in pus
neutrophils
53
Identify the WBCs
+1
54
2-4 of total WBCs
Eosinophil
55
bilobed nucleus
Eosinophils
56
cytoplasmic granules stain red
eosinophils
57
active against parasitic information
eosinophil
58
seomtime overreactive to foreign bodies
eosinophils
59
about 1% of total WBCs
basophils
60
nucleus is s-shaped
basophil
61
cytoplasmic granules stain dark purple
basophil
62
best associated with asthma
basophil
63
20-25 total WBCs
lymphocytes
64
nucleus is spherical
lymphocytes
65
thin rim of light blue cytoplasm becomes visible when stained
lymphocytes
66
main functional unit of immune system
lymphocytes
67
destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells
NK cells
68
involved in the production of circulating antibodiesa
B cells
69
invovled in cell mediated immunity
t cells
70
largest WBC making up 3 to 8 total WBCs
monocytes
71
U-shaped nucleus
monocytes
72
light blue to purple cytoplasm becomes visible when stained
monocytes
73
motile phagocytic cells
monocytes
74
precursor of macrophages
monocytes
75
monocytes in the liver
kupffer cells
76
monocytes in lungs
alveolar macrophage
77
monocytes in spleen
splenic macrophages
78
macrophages in perotioneal area
peritoneal macrophage
79
macrophage in CNS
microglial cells
80
macrophages in skin
langerhans cell
81
elevated neutrophil count
neutrophilia
82
elevated eosinophil counte
eosinophilia
83
elevated lymphocytes
lymphocytosis
84
elevated leukocyte count corresponding to malignant cells
leukemias
85
reduced neutrophil count
neutropenia
86
a disorder in which your blood doesn't have enough white blood cells called lymphocytes
lymphocytopenia
87
fragments of large multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes, located in red bone marrow
thrombocytes
88
function in blood clotting, coagulation to prevent excessive blood loss
thrombocytes
89
involve a positive feedback mechanism based on the interaction of a variety of substances, including plasma proteins and chemicals released by platelets and damage body cells
hemostasis
90
contraction to reduce clot size
thrombocyte
91
reduced platelet count
thrombocytopenia
92
determines the percentage of whole blood that is made up of RBCs
hematocrit test
93
diagnostic cells determining the percentage of each white blood cell type in a blood sample
differential WBC count
94
study normal values of WBCs
+1
95
is a blood test. It's used to look at overall health and find a wide range of conditions, including anemia, infection and leukemia.
complete blood count
96
determine which antigenic molecules are present on the surface of RBCs
blood typing
97
It is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood
hematology
98
It is consist of blood plasma and blood corpuscles.
blood
99
The total circulating blood volume is about _% of the total body weight of an organism.
8
100
A pale yellowish part of the blood
blood plasma
101
It is made up of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances.
plamsa
102
Its dissolved substances is made of nutrients, waste products, soluble proteins (albumin), and hormones.
blood plasma
103
It is consist of three different types of blood cells and these are
blood corpuscles
104
three type of blood corpuscles
RBC
WBC
Blood Platelet
105
Circular, flattened, biconcave in shape and no nucleus present that is about 2µm in diameter.
red blood cells
106
It is elastic so it can squeeze through narrow capillaries.
RBCs
107
The number of RBC depends on age, sex, and health of a person
RBCs
108
The total life span of a RBC is about 120 days
It is continuously produced in the red bone
RBCs
109
And it worn out RBC are destroyed in the ___ and the ___.
liver
spleen
110
primary function of RBC
deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and eliminate carbon dioxide
111
It contains ____ where oxygen binds.
hemoglobin
112
determine WBC type (5 pics)
+1
113
A colorless cell that contain nucleus and granular pigments on its cytoplasm.
white blood cells
114
Few in number than the RBC, usually 700:1 RBC to WBC ratio.
WBC
115
bone marrow origin
granulocytes
116
lymphoid tissue origin
agranulocytes
117
Its function is to protect the body from diseases caused by certain microorganisms and antigens.
WBCs
118
The number of ___ increases when the body becomes infected by certain antigens.
WBC
119
They are not true cells, they are just fragments of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes.
blood platelets
120
They contribute in clotting or coagulation mechanism of blood (HEMOSTASIS).
blood platelets
121
is a test to measures red blood cell (RBC) resistance to hemolysis when exposed to a series of increasingly dilute saline solutions. This term refers to the susceptibility of red cells to being broken down by osmotic stress.
osmotic fragility
122
This term refers to the breaking down (bursting) of red cells resulting in release of Hb into the surrounding fluid
hemolysis
123
conditions linked with increased osmotic fragility
hereditary spherocytosis
124
conditions linked with decreased osmotic fragility
sickle cell anemia
iron deficiency anemia
thalessemia
125
Osmotic Fragility and Hemolysis
interpretation
The color of the supernatant in the test tubes reflects the degree of red blood cell hemolysis. A clear supernatant initially indicates successful removal of hemoglobin from other cell components during washing. As the concentration of NaCl solution in the tubes decreases (moving from tube 5 to 1), the supernatant transitions to pink and then uniformly red. This signifies increasing hemolysis with higher hemoglobin concentrations in the supernatant.
126
osmotic pressure and red blood cell type interpretation
Centrifugation revealed the influence of the solution's tonicity on red blood cells. Tubes 1-5 (lower distilled water volume) displayed hypertonicity, causing the cells to shrink and form a pellet at the bottom. Conversely, tubes 8-10 (higher distilled water volume) were hypotonic, leading to cell swelling and potential lysis (hemolysis) due to excessive water influx. Tube 6, with equal parts NaCl solution and water, achieved isotonicity, maintaining the natural shape of the red blood cells and likely resulting in a smaller pellet. Notably, individual variations in red blood cell size and the amount of blood collected per tube can affect the size and volume of the pellet observed.
127
4. Explain the reaction of the blood to the anti-sera used in the experiment.
The agglutinations formed when a certain anti-serum was dropped into the blood is due to its reaction with the corresponding antigens that is present on the surface of the red blood cells. For instance, Bea’s RBCs have antigens B on its surface, and when the anti-B serum was added on a sample of her blood, agglutinations occur which lead to her RBCs’ clumping. On the other hand, Jasmine’s RBCs neither have antigens A nor antigens B causing no agglutinations to occur when anti-A and anti=B serums were added to a sample of her blood.
128
5. What is the importance of determining a patient’s bleeding and clotting time specially before surgical operation?
It is essential to determine the patient's bleeding and clotting times prior to the procedure as it determines the effectiveness of a patient's hemostatic system and forecasts the risk of excessive bleeding during and after surgery. Tests for clotting time (CT) and bleeding time (BT) are important in assessing pre-operative hemostasis, although their effectiveness has been questioned because of their sensitivity and accuracy issues. These tests aid in the diagnosis of clotting factor deficiencies, genetic coagulation abnormalities, prolonged bleeding, delayed clotting time, and blood clotting disorders. These tests can produce abnormal results that point to vitamin K insufficiency, coagulation pathway problems, hereditary illnesses, and platelet-related disorders.
129
6. What is hemostasis? What are the events involved in this process?
Homeostasis alludes to the balance of bodily functions necessary for a body to survive and operate, which allows it to adapt to external factors and maintain a steady internal environment. Additionally, homeostasis acts as the body's natural reaction to injury. The events involved in this process are vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation (blood clotting), and fibrinolysis. Blood flow is restricted by vascular spasm, platelets aggregate, and the von Willebrand factor reinforces the plug. The coagulation cascade is triggered by coagulation factors, resulting in the creation of fibrin and fibrinolysis, which ultimately returns the vessel to its initial condition. All together, these phases help prevent bleeding and commence the healing process following an injury.
130
Also known as a full blood count, is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood.
complete blood count
131
indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit.
CBC
132
markings of 0.5-1-101
large bulb
red bead
red mouth piece
RBC pipette
133
markings of 0.5-1-11
small bulb
white bead
white mouth piece
WBC pipette
134
know the parts of pipette
+1
135
mixing blood and dilating fluid
bulb
136
helps in mixing the blood with diluting fluid, indicates the bulb is dry or wet
bead
137
a tool used for manual cell counting
hemocytometer
138
determine counting area in hemotcytometer
+1
139
blood test that measures the number of red blood cells in your blood.
RBC counting
140
RBC counting grids include
1st
5th
13th
21
25
141
RBC count per cu.mm
No of cells counted x dilution factor x depth factor / area counted
142
study total RBC count formula
+1
143
shorcut method for total RBC count
sum of no of cells in 5 squares x 10000
144
total RBC count is 4.7-6.1
what sex
male
145
total RBC count is 4.2-5.4
which sex
female
146
low RBC count
erythropenia
147
high RBC count
polycythemia
148
blood test that measures the number of white blood cells in your blood.
WBC counting
149
study how to compute WBC count
+1
150
low total WBC count
leukopenia
151
high total WBC count
leukocytosis
152
Is the percentage by volume of red cells in your blood.
hematocrit
153
depressed hematocrit
anemia
154
elevated hematocrit
polycythemia
155
percentage of hematocrit in males
42-52p
156
perecentage of hematocit in females
37-47
157
is specifically used for white blood cell counts. It contains acetic acid, which acts as a lysing agent. This lyses (breaks down) the red blood cells and platelets in the blood sample. Additionally, Turk's solution includes a stain that targets the nuclei of white blood cells, making them readily visible for counting under a microscope.
turk's solution
158
, is ideal for red blood cell counts. It's an isotonic solution, meaning it has the same osmotic pressure as blood. This prevents hemolysis (rupture) of red blood cells, which would compromise the accuracy of the count. Grower's solution also avoids artifacts like rouleaux formation (clumping of RBCs) that can occur with normal saline, further enhancing the reliability of the RBC coun
grower's solution
159
In the calculation of the RBC count, the factor 10,000 was used while for the WBC, 50 was used as the factor? Explain how these factors were derived
The factors 10,000 and 50 used to calculate the RBC count and WBC count, respectively, were based on the dilution and conversion process. For red blood cells, the blood is diluted with a ration of 1:200, and the factor 10,000 is used to convert the count observed in the hemocytometer to the count per cubic millimeter of the original blood sample. For white blood cells on the other hand, the blood is diluted, 1:20, with 50 as the factor used to convert the count observed in the hemocytometer to the count per cubic millimeter of the original blood sample. This difference in factors of RBCs and WBCs counts is essntial because it helps us accurately measure and compare the number of cells in the blood.
160
nornal value of RBC count
3.5 million - 5.5 million
161
normal WBC count
4500-11,000
162
Give examples of medical conditions where the RBC counts are decreased or increased.
Reduced red blood cell (RBC) counts are related to several medical conditions, such as anemias (iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, bone marrow disease-associated anemia, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia), malnourishment, pregnancy, overhydration, hemolysis, severe bleeding, autoimmune diseases, chronic alcoholism, toxic chemical exposure, and genetic/family history. While dehydration, stress high altitude, smoking, low oxygen levels, polycythemia vera, certain drugs, renal cell carcinoma, and other cancers that produce erythropoietin can all contribute to an increased red blood cell count.
163
Enumerate medical conditions where the WBC counts are decreased or increased.
Medical conditions associated with decreased WBC counts (leukopenia) include autoimmune disorders (lupus), bone marrow disorders or damage, lymphoma, severe infections, liver and spleen disease, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, alcoholism, malaria, and AIDS. On the other hand, medical conditions associated with increased WBC include the intake of certain drugs or medicines (corticosteroids, epinephrine, NSAID drugs), tuberculosis, sepsis, fever, injury or burn, pregnancy, allergies, asthma, recent vaccination, smoking, leukemia, obesity, among others.
164
What is your computed % hematocrit compared with the normal value?
The computed % hematocrit is 66.67 %.
The height of the column compoed of the packed cells is 2 cm.
The height of the column of the total volume is 3 cm.
165
indicates a lower percentage of red blood cells. The condition implies various complications; however, it often points to anemia, wherein the body lacks enough red blood cells to carry oxygen effectively.
low hematocrit level
166
ange from 41% to 50% in men and 36% to 44% in women. When the hematocrit level drops below the stated normal range, the person has too few red blood cells or anemia. The most common cause of the condition is the lack of vitamin B12 or folate, a nutrient essential for red blood cell production. Anemia often causes fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and paleness.
normal hematocrit level
167
A colorless cell that contain nucleus and granular pigments on its cytoplasm.
WBCs
168
Protects the body either via Cell mediated or Antibody mediated immune response
WBCs
169
conditions that typically cause elevations include allergic conditions and leukemias
basohpils
170
conditions that typically cause elevations include allergic conditions, dermatologic conditions, eosinophilic esopagitis, idiopathic hyperosinophilic syndrome, malignancies
eosinophils
171
conditions that typically cause elevations include acute or chronic leukemia, hypersensitivity reaction
lymphocytes
172
conditions that typically cause elevations include autoimmune disease, infections, splenectomy
monocytes
173
conditions that typically cause elevations include bone marrow stimulation, chronic infection, congenital infection, medication induced
neutrophils
174
. How does your differential WBC count correlate with the percentages given for each type of WBC?
A blood differential test or differential white blood cell (WBC) count is a laboratory test measuring the percentage of each type of WBC in the blood. Various medical conditions are easily monitored simply by comparing percentages of the different types of WBCs. The test is utilized primarily to diagnose or monitor conditions such as infection, anemia, or leukemia. The test also reveals the presence of abnormal or immature cells. Normal results[1] display 40-60% neutrophils, 20-40% lymphocytes, 2-8% monocytes, 1-4% eosinophils, and 0.5-1% basophils. Comparing the normal values to our obtained data, there is a notable increase in the percentage of eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Notably, there is also a decrease in the percentage of neutrophils. An increased percentage of eosinophils may be due to Addison disease, where adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. An increased percentage of basophils may indicate myeloproliferative diseases or a group of bone marrow diseases. An increased percentage of lymphocytes may signal the presence of chronic bacterial infection, tuberculosis, lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and viral infections. An increased percentage of monocytes may be due to chronic inflammatory disease and viral infections. On the other hand, a decreased percentage of neutrophils may be due to aplastic anemia, influenza, sepsis, and radiation therapies.
175
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
acute appendicitis
neutrophils
176
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
acute infection
neutrophils
177
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
leukemia
lymphocytes
178
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
allergic reactions
eosinophils
179
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
parasitic infections
eosinophils
180
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
c
chronic infections
monocytes
181
s defined by an unusually low concentration of white blood cells in the blood, which raises the risk of infection. The causes of leukopenia include reduced blood cell production by factors such as aplastic anemia, myelokathexis, and vitamin or mineral deficiencies. Increased usage and destruction as a result of infections, drugs, malignancy, hypersplenism, and immune neutropenia. Autoimmune conditions can also harm white blood cells and bone marrow cells. Additionally, treatments for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplants can result in leukopenia as a side effect. Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and TB can impair the bone marrow's capacity to generate white blood cells. Congenital disorders, hypersplenism, sarcoidosis, medicines, starvation, and severe infections can all induce leukopenia.
leukopenia
