Hematology Flashcards
transport substances
blood
regulate life processes
blood
pumps blood throughout the body
heart
carries blood away from and back to the heart
blood vessels
transports various substances, helps regulate several life processes, and affords protection against diseases
blood
makes up almost 8% of total blood weight
blood
percentage by volume of plasma in blood
55%
percentage b yvolume of formed elements in blood
45%
in plasma how much is water
91
in plasma how much isproteins
7
in plasma how much is solutes
2
in formed elements how much RBCs are present
4.2-6.2 million
how many WBCs are present
5-10 thousand
how many platelets are present
250-400 thousand
proteins present in plasma
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
other solutes present in plasma
ions
nutrients
waste ptoructs
gases
reuglatory substances
WBCs present in blood
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
highest amount present in blood
which WBC
neutrophils (60-70%)
second highest amount of WBC present
Lymphocytes (20-25)
third highest WBC present
monocyte (3-8)
fourth highest WBC present
eosinophil (2-4)
least amount of WBC present
Basophil (0.5-1)
erythrocytes are formed from which hemocytoblast differentiation
proerythroblast
granulocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Granulocytes are formed from what hemocytoblast differentiation
myeloblast
agranulocytes
lymphocyte
monocyte
lymphocyte differentiated from what hemocytoblast differentiation
lymphoblast
monocyte differentiated from which hemocytoblast
monoblast
thrombocytes came from what hemocytoblast diffentiation
megakaryoblast
study what cells look like under the microscope
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shape of erythrocytes
biconcave
are erythrocytes nucleated?
no
main protein in erythrocytes
hemoglobin
The form of hemoglobin without oxygen, the predominant protein in red blood cells
deoxyhemoglobin
the normal, oxygen-carrying form of hemoglobin in which iron is in the reduced (ferrous) state.
oxyhemoglobin
erythrocytes cell membrane is associated with a flexible protein called what
spectrin
erythrocytes last up to how many months
4 months
produced in red bone marroe
erythrocytes
immature RBCs with retained residual nuclear material
reticulocyte
high percentage of RBCs with great variations in size
anisocytosis
increased RBCs
polycythemia
decreased RBCs
anemia
a form of the inherited blood disorder, sickle cell disease
sickle cell anemia
can migrate out of the bloodstream
leukocytes
movement of leukocytes
ameboid
are attracted to a specific stimuli
leukocytes
process of leukocytes against pathogens
phagocytosis
classification acording to granulated cytoplasm
granulocytes
agranulocytes
most common WBC in circulation (60-70 percent)
neutrophil
has 3 to 5 lobes in nucleus
neutrophils
first responder of immune cells
neutrophils
main cells found in pus
neutrophils
Identify the WBCs
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2-4 of total WBCs
Eosinophil
bilobed nucleus
Eosinophils
cytoplasmic granules stain red
eosinophils
active against parasitic information
eosinophil
seomtime overreactive to foreign bodies
eosinophils
about 1% of total WBCs
basophils
nucleus is s-shaped
basophil
cytoplasmic granules stain dark purple
basophil
best associated with asthma
basophil
20-25 total WBCs
lymphocytes
nucleus is spherical
lymphocytes
thin rim of light blue cytoplasm becomes visible when stained
lymphocytes
main functional unit of immune system
lymphocytes
destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells
NK cells
involved in the production of circulating antibodiesa
B cells
invovled in cell mediated immunity
t cells
largest WBC making up 3 to 8 total WBCs
monocytes
U-shaped nucleus
monocytes
light blue to purple cytoplasm becomes visible when stained
monocytes
motile phagocytic cells
monocytes
precursor of macrophages
monocytes
monocytes in the liver
kupffer cells
monocytes in lungs
alveolar macrophage
monocytes in spleen
splenic macrophages
macrophages in perotioneal area
peritoneal macrophage
macrophage in CNS
microglial cells
macrophages in skin
langerhans cell
elevated neutrophil count
neutrophilia
elevated eosinophil counte
eosinophilia
elevated lymphocytes
lymphocytosis
elevated leukocyte count corresponding to malignant cells
leukemias
reduced neutrophil count
neutropenia
a disorder in which your blood doesn’t have enough white blood cells called lymphocytes
lymphocytopenia
fragments of large multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes, located in red bone marrow
thrombocytes
function in blood clotting, coagulation to prevent excessive blood loss
thrombocytes
involve a positive feedback mechanism based on the interaction of a variety of substances, including plasma proteins and chemicals released by platelets and damage body cells
hemostasis
contraction to reduce clot size
thrombocyte
reduced platelet count
thrombocytopenia
determines the percentage of whole blood that is made up of RBCs
hematocrit test
diagnostic cells determining the percentage of each white blood cell type in a blood sample
differential WBC count
study normal values of WBCs
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is a blood test. It’s used to look at overall health and find a wide range of conditions, including anemia, infection and leukemia.
complete blood count
determine which antigenic molecules are present on the surface of RBCs
blood typing
It is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood
hematology
It is consist of blood plasma and blood corpuscles.
blood
The total circulating blood volume is about _% of the total body weight of an organism.
8
A pale yellowish part of the blood
blood plasma
It is made up of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances.
plamsa
Its dissolved substances is made of nutrients, waste products, soluble proteins (albumin), and hormones.
blood plasma
It is consist of three different types of blood cells and these are
blood corpuscles
three type of blood corpuscles
RBC
WBC
Blood Platelet
Circular, flattened, biconcave in shape and no nucleus present that is about 2µm in diameter.
red blood cells
It is elastic so it can squeeze through narrow capillaries.
RBCs
The number of RBC depends on age, sex, and health of a person
RBCs
The total life span of a RBC is about 120 days
It is continuously produced in the red bone
RBCs
And it worn out RBC are destroyed in the ___ and the ___.
liver
spleen
primary function of RBC
deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and eliminate carbon dioxide
It contains ____ where oxygen binds.
hemoglobin
determine WBC type (5 pics)
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A colorless cell that contain nucleus and granular pigments on its cytoplasm.
white blood cells
Few in number than the RBC, usually 700:1 RBC to WBC ratio.
WBC
bone marrow origin
granulocytes
lymphoid tissue origin
agranulocytes
Its function is to protect the body from diseases caused by certain microorganisms and antigens.
WBCs
The number of ___ increases when the body becomes infected by certain antigens.
WBC
They are not true cells, they are just fragments of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes.
blood platelets
They contribute in clotting or coagulation mechanism of blood (HEMOSTASIS).
blood platelets
is a test to measures red blood cell (RBC) resistance to hemolysis when exposed to a series of increasingly dilute saline solutions. This term refers to the susceptibility of red cells to being broken down by osmotic stress.
osmotic fragility
This term refers to the breaking down (bursting) of red cells resulting in release of Hb into the surrounding fluid
hemolysis
conditions linked with increased osmotic fragility
hereditary spherocytosis
conditions linked with decreased osmotic fragility
sickle cell anemia
iron deficiency anemia
thalessemia
Osmotic Fragility and Hemolysis
interpretation
The color of the supernatant in the test tubes reflects the degree of red blood cell hemolysis. A clear supernatant initially indicates successful removal of hemoglobin from other cell components during washing. As the concentration of NaCl solution in the tubes decreases (moving from tube 5 to 1), the supernatant transitions to pink and then uniformly red. This signifies increasing hemolysis with higher hemoglobin concentrations in the supernatant.
osmotic pressure and red blood cell type interpretation
Centrifugation revealed the influence of the solution’s tonicity on red blood cells. Tubes 1-5 (lower distilled water volume) displayed hypertonicity, causing the cells to shrink and form a pellet at the bottom. Conversely, tubes 8-10 (higher distilled water volume) were hypotonic, leading to cell swelling and potential lysis (hemolysis) due to excessive water influx. Tube 6, with equal parts NaCl solution and water, achieved isotonicity, maintaining the natural shape of the red blood cells and likely resulting in a smaller pellet. Notably, individual variations in red blood cell size and the amount of blood collected per tube can affect the size and volume of the pellet observed.
- Explain the reaction of the blood to the anti-sera used in the experiment.
The agglutinations formed when a certain anti-serum was dropped into the blood is due to its reaction with the corresponding antigens that is present on the surface of the red blood cells. For instance, Bea’s RBCs have antigens B on its surface, and when the anti-B serum was added on a sample of her blood, agglutinations occur which lead to her RBCs’ clumping. On the other hand, Jasmine’s RBCs neither have antigens A nor antigens B causing no agglutinations to occur when anti-A and anti=B serums were added to a sample of her blood.
- What is the importance of determining a patient’s bleeding and clotting time specially before surgical operation?
It is essential to determine the patient’s bleeding and clotting times prior to the procedure as it determines the effectiveness of a patient’s hemostatic system and forecasts the risk of excessive bleeding during and after surgery. Tests for clotting time (CT) and bleeding time (BT) are important in assessing pre-operative hemostasis, although their effectiveness has been questioned because of their sensitivity and accuracy issues. These tests aid in the diagnosis of clotting factor deficiencies, genetic coagulation abnormalities, prolonged bleeding, delayed clotting time, and blood clotting disorders. These tests can produce abnormal results that point to vitamin K insufficiency, coagulation pathway problems, hereditary illnesses, and platelet-related disorders.
- What is hemostasis? What are the events involved in this process?
Homeostasis alludes to the balance of bodily functions necessary for a body to survive and operate, which allows it to adapt to external factors and maintain a steady internal environment. Additionally, homeostasis acts as the body’s natural reaction to injury. The events involved in this process are vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation (blood clotting), and fibrinolysis. Blood flow is restricted by vascular spasm, platelets aggregate, and the von Willebrand factor reinforces the plug. The coagulation cascade is triggered by coagulation factors, resulting in the creation of fibrin and fibrinolysis, which ultimately returns the vessel to its initial condition. All together, these phases help prevent bleeding and commence the healing process following an injury.
Also known as a full blood count, is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person’s blood.
complete blood count
indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit.
CBC
markings of 0.5-1-101
large bulb
red bead
red mouth piece
RBC pipette
markings of 0.5-1-11
small bulb
white bead
white mouth piece
WBC pipette
know the parts of pipette
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mixing blood and dilating fluid
bulb
helps in mixing the blood with diluting fluid, indicates the bulb is dry or wet
bead
a tool used for manual cell counting
hemocytometer
determine counting area in hemotcytometer
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blood test that measures the number of red blood cells in your blood.
RBC counting
RBC counting grids include
1st
5th
13th
21
25
RBC count per cu.mm
No of cells counted x dilution factor x depth factor / area counted
study total RBC count formula
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shorcut method for total RBC count
sum of no of cells in 5 squares x 10000
total RBC count is 4.7-6.1
what sex
male
total RBC count is 4.2-5.4
which sex
female
low RBC count
erythropenia
high RBC count
polycythemia
blood test that measures the number of white blood cells in your blood.
WBC counting
study how to compute WBC count
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low total WBC count
leukopenia
high total WBC count
leukocytosis
Isthe percentage by volume of red cells in your blood.
hematocrit
depressed hematocrit
anemia
elevated hematocrit
polycythemia
percentage of hematocrit in males
42-52p
perecentage of hematocit in females
37-47
is specifically used for white blood cell counts. It contains acetic acid, which acts as a lysing agent. This lyses (breaks down) the red blood cells and platelets in the blood sample. Additionally, Turk’s solution includes a stain that targets the nuclei of white blood cells, making them readily visible for counting under a microscope.
turk’s solution
, is ideal for red blood cell counts. It’s an isotonic solution, meaning it has the same osmotic pressure as blood. This prevents hemolysis (rupture) of red blood cells, which would compromise the accuracy of the count. Grower’s solution also avoids artifacts like rouleaux formation (clumping of RBCs) that can occur with normal saline, further enhancing the reliability of the RBC coun
grower’s solution
In the calculation of the RBC count, the factor 10,000 was used while for the WBC, 50 was used as the factor? Explain how these factors were derived
The factors 10,000 and 50 used to calculate the RBC count and WBC count, respectively, were based on the dilution and conversion process. For red blood cells, the blood is diluted with a ration of 1:200, and the factor 10,000 is used to convert the count observed in the hemocytometer to the count per cubic millimeter of the original blood sample. For white blood cells on the other hand, the blood is diluted, 1:20, with 50 as the factor used to convert the count observed in the hemocytometer to the count per cubic millimeter of the original blood sample. This difference in factors of RBCs and WBCs counts is essntial because it helps us accurately measure and compare the number of cells in the blood.
nornal value of RBC count
3.5 million - 5.5 million
normal WBC count
4500-11,000
Give examples of medical conditions where the RBC counts are decreased or increased.
Reduced red blood cell (RBC) counts are related to several medical conditions, such as anemias (iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, bone marrow disease-associated anemia, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia), malnourishment, pregnancy, overhydration, hemolysis, severe bleeding, autoimmune diseases, chronic alcoholism, toxic chemical exposure, and genetic/family history. While dehydration, stress high altitude, smoking, low oxygen levels, polycythemia vera, certain drugs, renal cell carcinoma, and other cancers that produce erythropoietin can all contribute to an increased red blood cell count.
Enumerate medical conditions where the WBC counts are decreased or increased.
Medical conditions associated with decreased WBC counts (leukopenia) include autoimmune disorders (lupus), bone marrow disorders or damage, lymphoma, severe infections, liver and spleen disease, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, alcoholism, malaria, and AIDS. On the other hand, medical conditions associated with increased WBC include the intake of certain drugs or medicines (corticosteroids, epinephrine, NSAID drugs), tuberculosis, sepsis, fever, injury or burn, pregnancy, allergies, asthma, recent vaccination, smoking, leukemia, obesity, among others.
What is your computed % hematocrit compared with the normal value?
The computed % hematocrit is 66.67 %.
The height of the column compoed of the packed cells is 2 cm.
The height of the column of the total volume is 3 cm.
indicates a lower percentage of red blood cells. The condition implies various complications; however, it often points to anemia, wherein the body lacks enough red blood cells to carry oxygen effectively.
low hematocrit level
ange from 41% to 50% in men and 36% to 44% in women. When the hematocrit level drops below the stated normal range, the person has too few red blood cells or anemia. The most common cause of the condition is the lack of vitamin B12 or folate, a nutrient essential for red blood cell production. Anemia often causes fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and paleness.
normal hematocrit level
A colorless cell that contain nucleus and granular pigments on its cytoplasm.
WBCs
Protects the body either via Cell mediated or Antibody mediated immune response
WBCs
conditions that typically cause elevations include allergic conditions and leukemias
basohpils
conditions that typically cause elevations include allergic conditions, dermatologic conditions, eosinophilic esopagitis, idiopathic hyperosinophilic syndrome, malignancies
eosinophils
conditions that typically cause elevations include acute or chronic leukemia, hypersensitivity reaction
lymphocytes
conditions that typically cause elevations include autoimmune disease, infections, splenectomy
monocytes
conditions that typically cause elevations include bone marrow stimulation, chronic infection, congenital infection, medication induced
neutrophils
. How does your differential WBC count correlate with the percentages given for each type of WBC?
A blood differential test or differential white blood cell (WBC) count is a laboratory test measuring the percentage of each type of WBC in the blood. Various medical conditions are easily monitored simply by comparing percentages of the different types of WBCs. The test is utilized primarily to diagnose or monitor conditions such as infection, anemia, or leukemia. The test also reveals the presence of abnormal or immature cells. Normal results[1] display 40-60% neutrophils, 20-40% lymphocytes, 2-8% monocytes, 1-4% eosinophils, and 0.5-1% basophils. Comparing the normal values to our obtained data, there is a notable increase in the percentage of eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Notably, there is also a decrease in the percentage of neutrophils. An increased percentage of eosinophils may be due to Addison disease, where adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. An increased percentage of basophils may indicate myeloproliferative diseases or a group of bone marrow diseases. An increased percentage of lymphocytes may signal the presence of chronic bacterial infection, tuberculosis, lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and viral infections. An increased percentage of monocytes may be due to chronic inflammatory disease and viral infections. On the other hand, a decreased percentage of neutrophils may be due to aplastic anemia, influenza, sepsis, and radiation therapies.
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
acute appendicitis
neutrophils
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
acute infection
neutrophils
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
leukemia
lymphocytes
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
allergic reactions
eosinophils
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
parasitic infections
eosinophils
Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
c
chronic infections
monocytes
s defined by an unusually low concentration of white blood cells in the blood, which raises the risk of infection. The causes of leukopenia include reduced blood cell production by factors such as aplastic anemia, myelokathexis, and vitamin or mineral deficiencies. Increased usage and destruction as a result of infections, drugs, malignancy, hypersplenism, and immune neutropenia. Autoimmune conditions can also harm white blood cells and bone marrow cells. Additionally, treatments for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplants can result in leukopenia as a side effect. Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and TB can impair the bone marrow’s capacity to generate white blood cells. Congenital disorders, hypersplenism, sarcoidosis, medicines, starvation, and severe infections can all induce leukopenia.
leukopenia
