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General Physiology > Introduction to General Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to General Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

study of structures of the body (structures and shape)

A

anatomy

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2
Q

study of the functions of the body

A

physiology

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3
Q

enumerate the structural and functional organization

A

atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism

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4
Q

characteristic that define life (6)

A

organization
metabolism
responsiveness
growth
development
reproduction

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5
Q

simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce themselves

A

cells

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6
Q

somewhat more complex units than cells, organization of a great many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substance between them

A

tissues

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7
Q

are the most diverse type of tissues

A

epithelial

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8
Q

more complex units than tissues, organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged together that they can perform a special function

A

organs

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9
Q

must have the four major type of tissues

A

organ

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10
Q

four major type of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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11
Q

muscle and connective tissues form its wall, epithelial and connective tissues form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and lining

A

stomach

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12
Q

most complex of the component units of the human body

A

systems

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13
Q

Organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body

A

organ system

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14
Q

phrase coined by aristotle

A

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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15
Q

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

A

homeostasis

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16
Q

Dynamic state of equilibrium

A

homeostasis

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17
Q

Control mechanisms (involve monitoring and regulation of many factors i.e. variables

A

homeostasis

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18
Q

Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones

A

homeostasis

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19
Q

Standard anatomical body position

A

body erect
feet slight apart
palm facing forward

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20
Q

Two major divisions of the body

A

axial
appendicular

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21
Q

what division of the body comprise of head, neck, and trunk)

A

axial

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22
Q

what part of the body contain the limbs and girdles

A

appendicular

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23
Q

towards the head

A

cranial/superior

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24
Q

– away from the head, towards the tail

A

caudal/inferior

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25
Q

towards the front or belly

A

ventral/anterior

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26
Q

towards the back

A

dorsal (posterior)

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27
Q

toward the midline of the body

A

medial

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28
Q

away from the midline of the body

A

lateral

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29
Q

closer to the origin of the body part

A

proximal

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30
Q

away from the origin of the body part

A

distal

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31
Q

towards the outer surface

A

superficial

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32
Q

away from the surface

A

deep

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33
Q

familiarize yourself with the anterior terms of the human body

A

grade yourself accordingly

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34
Q

familiarize yourself with the posterior terms of the human body

A

+

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35
Q

term for groin

A

inguinal

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36
Q

term for arm

A

brachial

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37
Q

term for forearm

A

antebrachial

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38
Q

term for wrist

A

carpal

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39
Q

term for thigh

A

femoral

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40
Q

term for leg

A

crural

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41
Q

term for foot

A

pedal

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42
Q

term for genital

A

pubic

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43
Q

term for ankle

A

tarsal

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44
Q

term for hand

A

manus

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45
Q

term for calf

A

suralt

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46
Q

term for area between anus and external genitalia

A

perineal

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47
Q

back of the head

A

occipital

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48
Q

divides body vertically into right and left parts

A

sagittal plane

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49
Q

lies on the midline

A

midsagittal plane

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50
Q

sagittal plane not on the midline

A

parasagittal

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51
Q

divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

A

frontal plane

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52
Q

divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts, produces a cross section

A

transverse plane

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53
Q

frontal plane is also known as

A

coronal plane

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54
Q

cuts made diagonally

A

oblique section

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55
Q

cavity that protects nervous system

A

dorsal cavity

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56
Q

cavity that encases brain

A

cranial cavity

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57
Q

cavity that encases spinal cord

A

vertebral cavity

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58
Q

houses internal organs (viscera)

A

ventral cavity

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59
Q

two divisions of the ventral cavity are separated by the diaphragm

A

thoracic
abdominopelvic cavities

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60
Q

thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid

A

serous membrane

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61
Q

line internal body walls

A

parietal serosa

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62
Q

covers the interal organs

A

visceral serosa

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63
Q

physiological or psychological functions of body systems

A

body functions

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64
Q

corollary to maintaining or restoring homeostasis

A

survival

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65
Q

contributed much to the concept of milieu interior and homeostasis (2)

A

Claude Bernard
Walter B. Cannon

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66
Q

made a remarkable observation, he noted that body cells survived in a healthy condition only when temperature, pressure, and chemical composition of their environment remained relatively constant

A

Claude Bernard

67
Q

suggested the name homeostasis for relatively constant states maintained by the body

A

Walter B. Cannon

68
Q

means same

A

Homeo

69
Q

means standing

A

Stasis

70
Q

each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others

A

organization

71
Q

chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

metabolism

72
Q

complex substances are broken down into simpler building blocks and energy is released

A

catabolism

73
Q

concerned with detecting changes in the internal or external environment and reacting to that change, it is the act of sensing a stimulus and responding
to it

A

responsiveness

74
Q

the act of changing physical location or having this changed

A

movement

75
Q

ability of muscle fibers to shorten and thus to produce movement

A

contractility

76
Q

refers to the formation of new person, the birth of a baby

A

reproduction

77
Q

Refers to the formation of new cells for the replacement and repair of old cells as well for growth

A

reproduction

78
Q

refers to an increase in size either through an increase in the number of cells or through an increase in the size of each individual

A

growth

79
Q

Anabolic processes must occur at a faster rate than catabolic processes

A

growth

80
Q

developmental process by which unspecialized cells change into specialized cells with distinctive structural and functional characteristics

A

differentiation

81
Q

Through this, cells develop into tissues and organs

A

differentiation

82
Q

refers to all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and external environment

A

respiration

83
Q

diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and transport of the gases in the blood

A

ventilation

84
Q

deals with the cell’s utilization of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide

A

cellular respiration

85
Q

process of breaking down complex ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and utilized by the body

A

digestion

86
Q

is the process that removes the waste products of digestion and metabolism from the body

A

excretion

87
Q

Gets rid of by-products that the body is able to use, many of which are toxic and incompatible with life

A

excretion

88
Q

Physical factors that life depends on

A

water
oxygen
nutrients
heat
pressure

89
Q

toward the midline of the body

A

medial

90
Q

away from the midline of the body

A

lateral

91
Q

towards or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part

A

proximal

92
Q

away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part

A

distal

93
Q

a vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions

A

coronal plane/frontal plane

94
Q

a vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides

A

sagittal plane/lateral plane

95
Q

a horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts

A

axial plane/transverse plane

96
Q

sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves

A

median plane

97
Q

spaces of the body that contain the internal organs or viscera

A

body cavities

98
Q

larger cavity and is subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities by the diaphragm

A

ventral cavity

99
Q

contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood
vessels, and nerves

A

thoracic cavity

100
Q

can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion

A

abdominopelvic cavity

101
Q

contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands (bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity)

A

abdominal cavity

102
Q

bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, an laterally by the pelvis

A

pelvic cavity

103
Q

smaller of two main cavities, containing organs lying more posterior
in the body

A

pelvic cavity

104
Q

science that studies structure

A

anatomy

105
Q

science that studies body functions

A

physiology

106
Q

____ determines ____

A

structure
function

107
Q

have the emergent property of life

A

cells

108
Q

Human epithelium have this kind of cells

A

squamous cells

109
Q

must possess the four major tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

A

organ

110
Q

covering is internal/external

A

external

111
Q

lining is internal/external

A

internal

112
Q

organ system with the largest number of organs

A

muscular system

113
Q

the practice of performing operations on live animals for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research (used only by people who are opposed to such work)

A

vivisection

114
Q

attributed the internal environment of a human

A

Claude Bernard

115
Q

validated Bernard’s concept that the internal environment that there is a feedback mechanism, coined Homeostasis

A

Walter Bradford Cannonf

116
Q

father of physiology

A

Walter Bradford Cannon

117
Q

opposite response

A

negative feedback

118
Q

– reinforces the response

A

positive feedback

119
Q

is released due to the quickening of the baby during childbirth

A

oxytocin

120
Q

region where the heart is

A

pericardial

121
Q

region between lungs

A

mediastanial

122
Q

region where the lungs lie

A

pleural

123
Q

examination and dissection of a body to determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately

A

autposy

124
Q

– maintaining a stable internal environment, dynamic process because of many changes

A

homeostatis

125
Q

maintained by feedback systems

A

homeostasis

126
Q

attempts to change the altered variable

A

effector

127
Q

evaluates input and sends output to effector

A

control cener

128
Q

– most homeostatic control mechanisms are this type

A

negative feedback systems

129
Q

systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to normal

A

negative feedback systems

130
Q

example include high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP

A

negative feedback system

131
Q

means opposite, not bad

A

negative

132
Q

– few homeostatic control mechanism of this type

A

positive feedback system

133
Q

these systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force

A

positive feedback system

134
Q

examples include contraction of uterus cause even more contractions (and more…) at
childbirth, hormonal control of ovulation, systems that control blood clotting

A

positive feedback

135
Q

specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms

A

disease

136
Q

include subjective changes not observable from outside a person (ex. Pain, headache,
nausea)

A

symptoms

137
Q

observable or measurable changes (ex. High BP, ankle swelling, fever)

A

sign

138
Q

progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis, affects all body systems, can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living

A

aging

139
Q

front of elbow

A

antecubital

140
Q

term for palm

A

palmar/volar

141
Q

term for anterior surface of the knee

A

patellar

142
Q

term for great toe

A

hallux

143
Q

term for thumb

A

pollex

144
Q

term for hip

A

coxal

145
Q

term for chin

A

mental

146
Q

term for cheek

A

buccal

147
Q

term for ear

A

otic

148
Q

term for elbow

A

olecranal or cuital

149
Q

term for hips

A

sacral

150
Q

term for buttock

A

gluteal

151
Q

term for hollow behind knee

A

popliteal

152
Q

term for sole

A

plantar

153
Q

term for back of the hand

A

dorsum

154
Q

term for heel

A

calcaneal

155
Q

larger in the abdominoplevic cavity

A

abdominal cavity

156
Q

subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants

A

abdominal cavity

157
Q

more inferior and smaller, contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs

A

pelvic cavity

158
Q

are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

serous membrane

159
Q

protect organs, reduce friction

A

serous membrane

160
Q

covers lungs, lines thorax

A

pleural

161
Q

covers heart, lines central part of thorax

A

pericardial

162
Q

covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity

A

perotineal

163
Q

determine the abdomino pelvic regions

A

+1

164
Q

determine the 4 quadrants

A

+1

General Physiology (15 decks)

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