Introduction to General Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
study of structures of the body (structures and shape)
A
anatomy
2
Q
study of the functions of the body
A
physiology
3
Q
enumerate the structural and functional organization
A
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
4
Q
characteristic that define life (6)
A
organization
metabolism
responsiveness
growth
development
reproduction
5
Q
simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce themselves
A
cells
6
Q
somewhat more complex units than cells, organization of a great many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substance between them
A
tissues
7
Q
are the most diverse type of tissues
A
epithelial
8
Q
more complex units than tissues, organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged together that they can perform a special function
A
organs
9
Q
must have the four major type of tissues
A
organ
10
Q
four major type of tissues
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
11
Q
muscle and connective tissues form its wall, epithelial and connective tissues form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and lining
A
stomach
12
Q
most complex of the component units of the human body
A
systems
13
Q
Organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body
A
organ system
14
Q
phrase coined by aristotle
A
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
15
Q
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
A
homeostasis
16
Q
Dynamic state of equilibrium
A
homeostasis
17
Q
Control mechanisms (involve monitoring and regulation of many factors i.e. variables
A
homeostasis
18
Q
Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
A
homeostasis
19
Q
Standard anatomical body position
A
body erect
feet slight apart
palm facing forward
20
Q
Two major divisions of the body
A
axial
appendicular
21
Q
what division of the body comprise of head, neck, and trunk)
A
axial
22
Q
what part of the body contain the limbs and girdles
A
appendicular
23
Q
towards the head
A
cranial/superior
24
Q
– away from the head, towards the tail
A
caudal/inferior
25
towards the front or belly
ventral/anterior
26
towards the back
dorsal (posterior)
27
toward the midline of the body
medial
28
away from the midline of the body
lateral
29
closer to the origin of the body part
proximal
30
away from the origin of the body part
distal
31
towards the outer surface
superficial
32
away from the surface
deep
33
familiarize yourself with the anterior terms of the human body
grade yourself accordingly
34
familiarize yourself with the posterior terms of the human body
+
35
term for groin
inguinal
36
term for arm
brachial
37
term for forearm
antebrachial
38
term for wrist
carpal
39
term for thigh
femoral
40
term for leg
crural
41
term for foot
pedal
42
term for genital
pubic
43
term for ankle
tarsal
44
term for hand
manus
45
term for calf
suralt
46
term for area between anus and external genitalia
perineal
47
back of the head
occipital
48
divides body vertically into right and left parts
sagittal plane
49
lies on the midline
midsagittal plane
50
sagittal plane not on the midline
parasagittal
51
divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
frontal plane
52
divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts, produces a cross section
transverse plane
53
frontal plane is also known as
coronal plane
54
cuts made diagonally
oblique section
55
cavity that protects nervous system
dorsal cavity
56
cavity that encases brain
cranial cavity
57
cavity that encases spinal cord
vertebral cavity
58
houses internal organs (viscera)
ventral cavity
59
two divisions of the ventral cavity are separated by the diaphragm
thoracic
abdominopelvic cavities
60
thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
serous membrane
61
line internal body walls
parietal serosa
62
covers the interal organs
visceral serosa
63
physiological or psychological functions of body systems
body functions
64
corollary to maintaining or restoring homeostasis
survival
65
contributed much to the concept of milieu interior and homeostasis (2)
Claude Bernard
Walter B. Cannon
66
made a remarkable observation, he noted that body cells survived in a healthy condition only when temperature, pressure, and chemical composition of their environment remained relatively constant
Claude Bernard
67
suggested the name homeostasis for relatively constant states maintained by the body
Walter B. Cannon
68
means same
Homeo
69
means standing
Stasis
70
each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others
organization
71
chemical reactions that occur in the body
metabolism
72
complex substances are broken down into simpler building blocks and energy is released
catabolism
73
concerned with detecting changes in the internal or external environment and reacting to that change, it is the act of sensing a stimulus and responding
to it
responsiveness
74
the act of changing physical location or having this changed
movement
75
ability of muscle fibers to shorten and thus to produce movement
contractility
76
refers to the formation of new person, the birth of a baby
reproduction
77
Refers to the formation of new cells for the replacement and repair of old cells as well for growth
reproduction
78
refers to an increase in size either through an increase in the number of cells or through an increase in the size of each individual
growth
79
Anabolic processes must occur at a faster rate than catabolic processes
growth
80
developmental process by which unspecialized cells change into specialized cells with distinctive structural and functional characteristics
differentiation
81
Through this, cells develop into tissues and organs
differentiation
82
refers to all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and external environment
respiration
83
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and transport of the gases in the blood
ventilation
84
deals with the cell’s utilization of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
cellular respiration
85
process of breaking down complex ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and utilized by the body
digestion
86
is the process that removes the waste products of digestion and metabolism from the body
excretion
87
Gets rid of by-products that the body is able to use, many of which are toxic and incompatible with life
excretion
88
Physical factors that life depends on
water
oxygen
nutrients
heat
pressure
89
toward the midline of the body
medial
90
away from the midline of the body
lateral
91
towards or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part
proximal
92
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part
distal
93
a vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions
coronal plane/frontal plane
94
a vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides
sagittal plane/lateral plane
95
a horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts
axial plane/transverse plane
96
sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves
median plane
97
spaces of the body that contain the internal organs or viscera
body cavities
98
larger cavity and is subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities by the diaphragm
ventral cavity
99
contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood
vessels, and nerves
thoracic cavity
100
can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion
abdominopelvic cavity
101
contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands (bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity)
abdominal cavity
102
bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, an laterally by the pelvis
pelvic cavity
103
smaller of two main cavities, containing organs lying more posterior
in the body
pelvic cavity
104
science that studies structure
anatomy
105
science that studies body functions
physiology
106
____ determines ____
structure
function
107
have the emergent property of life
cells
108
Human epithelium have this kind of cells
squamous cells
109
must possess the four major tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
organ
110
covering is internal/external
external
111
lining is internal/external
internal
112
organ system with the largest number of organs
muscular system
113
the practice of performing operations on live animals for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research (used only by people who are opposed to such work)
vivisection
114
attributed the internal environment of a human
Claude Bernard
115
validated Bernard’s concept that the internal environment that there is a feedback mechanism, coined Homeostasis
Walter Bradford Cannonf
116
father of physiology
Walter Bradford Cannon
117
opposite response
negative feedback
118
– reinforces the response
positive feedback
119
is released due to the quickening of the baby during childbirth
oxytocin
120
region where the heart is
pericardial
121
region between lungs
mediastanial
122
region where the lungs lie
pleural
123
examination and dissection of a body to determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately
autposy
124
– maintaining a stable internal environment, dynamic process because of many changes
homeostatis
125
maintained by feedback systems
homeostasis
126
attempts to change the altered variable
effector
127
evaluates input and sends output to effector
control cener
128
– most homeostatic control mechanisms are this type
negative feedback systems
129
systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to normal
negative feedback systems
130
example include high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP
negative feedback system
131
means opposite, not bad
negative
132
– few homeostatic control mechanism of this type
positive feedback system
133
these systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force
positive feedback system
134
examples include contraction of uterus cause even more contractions (and more…) at
childbirth, hormonal control of ovulation, systems that control blood clotting
positive feedback
135
specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms
disease
136
include subjective changes not observable from outside a person (ex. Pain, headache,
nausea)
symptoms
137
observable or measurable changes (ex. High BP, ankle swelling, fever)
sign
138
progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis, affects all body systems, can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living
aging
139
front of elbow
antecubital
140
term for palm
palmar/volar
141
term for anterior surface of the knee
patellar
142
term for great toe
hallux
143
term for thumb
pollex
144
term for hip
coxal
145
term for chin
mental
146
term for cheek
buccal
147
term for ear
otic
148
term for elbow
olecranal or cuital
149
term for hips
sacral
150
term for buttock
gluteal
151
term for hollow behind knee
popliteal
152
term for sole
plantar
153
term for back of the hand
dorsum
154
term for heel
calcaneal
155
larger in the abdominoplevic cavity
abdominal cavity
156
subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
abdominal cavity
157
more inferior and smaller, contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
158
are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
serous membrane
159
protect organs, reduce friction
serous membrane
160
covers lungs, lines thorax
pleural
161
covers heart, lines central part of thorax
pericardial
162
covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity
perotineal
163
determine the abdomino pelvic regions
+1
164
determine the 4 quadrants
+1
