Introduction to General Physiology Flashcards
study of structures of the body (structures and shape)
anatomy
study of the functions of the body
physiology
enumerate the structural and functional organization
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
characteristic that define life (6)
organization
metabolism
responsiveness
growth
development
reproduction
simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce themselves
cells
somewhat more complex units than cells, organization of a great many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substance between them
tissues
are the most diverse type of tissues
epithelial
more complex units than tissues, organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged together that they can perform a special function
organs
must have the four major type of tissues
organ
four major type of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
muscle and connective tissues form its wall, epithelial and connective tissues form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and lining
stomach
most complex of the component units of the human body
systems
Organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body
organ system
phrase coined by aristotle
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
homeostasis
Dynamic state of equilibrium
homeostasis
Control mechanisms (involve monitoring and regulation of many factors i.e. variables
homeostasis
Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
homeostasis
Standard anatomical body position
body erect
feet slight apart
palm facing forward
Two major divisions of the body
axial
appendicular
what division of the body comprise of head, neck, and trunk)
axial
what part of the body contain the limbs and girdles
appendicular
towards the head
cranial/superior
– away from the head, towards the tail
caudal/inferior
towards the front or belly
ventral/anterior
towards the back
dorsal (posterior)
toward the midline of the body
medial
away from the midline of the body
lateral
closer to the origin of the body part
proximal
away from the origin of the body part
distal
towards the outer surface
superficial
away from the surface
deep
familiarize yourself with the anterior terms of the human body
grade yourself accordingly
familiarize yourself with the posterior terms of the human body
+
term for groin
inguinal
term for arm
brachial
term for forearm
antebrachial
term for wrist
carpal
term for thigh
femoral
term for leg
crural
term for foot
pedal
term for genital
pubic
term for ankle
tarsal
term for hand
manus
term for calf
suralt
term for area between anus and external genitalia
perineal
back of the head
occipital
divides body vertically into right and left parts
sagittal plane
lies on the midline
midsagittal plane
sagittal plane not on the midline
parasagittal
divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
frontal plane
divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts, produces a cross section
transverse plane
frontal plane is also known as
coronal plane
cuts made diagonally
oblique section
cavity that protects nervous system
dorsal cavity
cavity that encases brain
cranial cavity
cavity that encases spinal cord
vertebral cavity
houses internal organs (viscera)
ventral cavity
two divisions of the ventral cavity are separated by the diaphragm
thoracic
abdominopelvic cavities
thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
serous membrane
line internal body walls
parietal serosa
covers the interal organs
visceral serosa
physiological or psychological functions of body systems
body functions
corollary to maintaining or restoring homeostasis
survival
contributed much to the concept of milieu interior and homeostasis (2)
Claude Bernard
Walter B. Cannon
made a remarkable observation, he noted that body cells survived in a healthy condition only when temperature, pressure, and chemical composition of their environment remained relatively constant
Claude Bernard
suggested the name homeostasis for relatively constant states maintained by the body
Walter B. Cannon
means same
Homeo
means standing
Stasis
each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others
organization
chemical reactions that occur in the body
metabolism
complex substances are broken down into simpler building blocks and energy is released
catabolism
concerned with detecting changes in the internal or external environment and reacting to that change, it is the act of sensing a stimulus and responding
to it
responsiveness
the act of changing physical location or having this changed
movement
ability of muscle fibers to shorten and thus to produce movement
contractility
refers to the formation of new person, the birth of a baby
reproduction
Refers to the formation of new cells for the replacement and repair of old cells as well for growth
reproduction
refers to an increase in size either through an increase in the number of cells or through an increase in the size of each individual
growth
Anabolic processes must occur at a faster rate than catabolic processes
growth
developmental process by which unspecialized cells change into specialized cells with distinctive structural and functional characteristics
differentiation
Through this, cells develop into tissues and organs
differentiation
refers to all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and external environment
respiration
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and transport of the gases in the blood
ventilation
deals with the cell’s utilization of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
cellular respiration
process of breaking down complex ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and utilized by the body
digestion
is the process that removes the waste products of digestion and metabolism from the body
excretion
Gets rid of by-products that the body is able to use, many of which are toxic and incompatible with life
excretion
Physical factors that life depends on
water
oxygen
nutrients
heat
pressure
toward the midline of the body
medial
away from the midline of the body
lateral
towards or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part
proximal
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part
distal
a vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions
coronal plane/frontal plane
a vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides
sagittal plane/lateral plane
a horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts
axial plane/transverse plane
sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves
median plane
spaces of the body that contain the internal organs or viscera
body cavities
larger cavity and is subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities by the diaphragm
ventral cavity
contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood
vessels, and nerves
thoracic cavity
can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion
abdominopelvic cavity
contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands (bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity)
abdominal cavity
bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, an laterally by the pelvis
pelvic cavity
smaller of two main cavities, containing organs lying more posterior
in the body
pelvic cavity
science that studies structure
anatomy
science that studies body functions
physiology
____ determines ____
structure
function
have the emergent property of life
cells
Human epithelium have this kind of cells
squamous cells
must possess the four major tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
organ
covering is internal/external
external
lining is internal/external
internal
organ system with the largest number of organs
muscular system
the practice of performing operations on live animals for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research (used only by people who are opposed to such work)
vivisection
attributed the internal environment of a human
Claude Bernard
validated Bernard’s concept that the internal environment that there is a feedback mechanism, coined Homeostasis
Walter Bradford Cannonf
father of physiology
Walter Bradford Cannon
opposite response
negative feedback
– reinforces the response
positive feedback
is released due to the quickening of the baby during childbirth
oxytocin
region where the heart is
pericardial
region between lungs
mediastanial
region where the lungs lie
pleural
examination and dissection of a body to determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately
autposy
– maintaining a stable internal environment, dynamic process because of many changes
homeostatis
maintained by feedback systems
homeostasis
attempts to change the altered variable
effector
evaluates input and sends output to effector
control cener
– most homeostatic control mechanisms are this type
negative feedback systems
systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to normal
negative feedback systems
example include high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP
negative feedback system
means opposite, not bad
negative
– few homeostatic control mechanism of this type
positive feedback system
these systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force
positive feedback system
examples include contraction of uterus cause even more contractions (and more…) at
childbirth, hormonal control of ovulation, systems that control blood clotting
positive feedback
specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms
disease
include subjective changes not observable from outside a person (ex. Pain, headache,
nausea)
symptoms
observable or measurable changes (ex. High BP, ankle swelling, fever)
sign
progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis, affects all body systems, can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living
aging
front of elbow
antecubital
term for palm
palmar/volar
term for anterior surface of the knee
patellar
term for great toe
hallux
term for thumb
pollex
term for hip
coxal
term for chin
mental
term for cheek
buccal
term for ear
otic
term for elbow
olecranal or cuital
term for hips
sacral
term for buttock
gluteal
term for hollow behind knee
popliteal
term for sole
plantar
term for back of the hand
dorsum
term for heel
calcaneal
larger in the abdominoplevic cavity
abdominal cavity
subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
abdominal cavity
more inferior and smaller, contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
serous membrane
protect organs, reduce friction
serous membrane
covers lungs, lines thorax
pleural
covers heart, lines central part of thorax
pericardial
covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity
perotineal
determine the abdomino pelvic regions
+1
determine the 4 quadrants
+1
