Urinary

Question 1

Label the fascia linging the kidney

Answer 1

Question 2

From which embryological structure does the definitive kidney develop?

Answer 2

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 3

What does the ureter develop from?

Answer 3

Ureteric bud: (an outgrowth from the mesonephric duct). The stalk of the ureteric bud becomes the ureter, and the expanded cranial end becomes the uretic pelvis.

Question 4

Label this diagram

Answer 4

Question 5

Label the kidney

Answer 5

Question 6

Label the internal structures of the kidney

Answer 6

Question 7

Function of the renal papilla

Answer 7

All urine from the collecting tubules drain here into the minor calyces

Question 8

At what vertebral level are the paired renal arteries given off from the abdominal aorta?

Answer 8

L1 & L2

Question 9

Describe the course of the left vs right renl vein and artery

Answer 9

left renal vein - travels anterior to the aorta and is relatively long

Right renal vein - travels directly to the kidney and is relatively short.

Right renal artery - travels posterior to the inferior vena cava and is relatively long

Left renal artery - travels directly to the kidney and is relatively short.

Question 10

What crosses the ureter superiorly in a male/female

Answer 10

Male- Ductus deferens

Female- uterine artery

Question 11

Label this vessel

Answer 11

Ductus (vas) deferens

Question 12

Name these three locations and their clinical significance

Answer 12

1. Uretopelvic junction
2. Uretral crossing of the iliac vessels
3. Ureterivesical junction

These are the three constrictions in the ureters where calculi (stones) may lodge

Question 13

Label the bladder

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the two pouches found in female pelvic cavity

Answer 14

1. between the bladder & uterus = vesical uterine pouch
2. between the rectum & uterus = rectouterine pouch

males have rectovesical pouch only

Question 15

Which part of the bladder do the ureters enter?

Answer 15

The posterior bladder aspect in the trigone. (Through ureteric orifices)

Question 16

Which of the 4 tissue types makes up the walls of the urinary bladder?

Answer 16

Walls of the bladder = smooth muscle, known as detrusor muscle

The urinary bladder is made of connective tissue- transitional epithelium

Question 17

What vertebral level do the renal arteries arise?

Answer 17

Between L1 and L2 vertebrae

Question 18

Label this female pelvis

Answer 18

Question 19

Describe renal hilum from anterior to posterior

Answer 19

VAP

renal Vein, Artery and Pelvis

Question 20

What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the urinary bladder

Answer 20

Branches of the internal iliac artery and vein

Question 21

Type of muslce covering the wall of the bladder

Answer 21

Detrusor muscle

except for the trigone- this is smooth muscle

Question 22

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the bladder

Answer 22

para-aortic lymph nodes around the origin of the renal arteries (L1).

Internal iliac, external iliac, obturator, and presacral lymph nodes.

Question 23

Describe the sympathetic nerve supply of the bladder

Answer 23

Sympathetic – hypogastric nerve (T12 – L2). It causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle, promoting urine retention.

Sympathetic = contraction of internal urtethral sphincter= Storage of urine

Paraympathetic = relaxation of internal urtethral sphincter= Peeing

Question 24

Describe the parasympathetic supply of the bladder

Answer 24

Parasympathetic: pelvic nerve (S2-S4). Increased signals from this nerve causes contraction of the detrusor muscle, stimulating micturition.

Derived from the vagus nerve

Question 25

Describe the somatic nerve innervation of the bladder

Answer 25

Pudendal nerve (S2-4). It innervates the external urethral sphincter, providing voluntary control over micturition

somatic = voluntary

autonomic= involuntary

Question 26

Describe the afferent/sensory nerve supply to the bladder

Answer 26

Distention of bladder wall: via pelvic and hypogastric (sympathetic fibers)

Sensory (afferent) nerves that report to the brain. They are found in the bladder wall and signal the need to urinate when the bladder becomes full.

Question 27

What plane & vertebral level do we find the hilum of the kidney?

Answer 27

The transpyloric plane at L1

Question 28

Describe the function of the internal urthral sphincter in males & females and also what muscle it is composed of

Answer 28

Male

• circular smooth fibres, which are under autonomic control.
• Prevents seminal regurgitation during ejaculation.

Females

• functional sphincter (i.e. no sphincteric muscle present).
• formed by the anatomy of the bladder neck and proximal urethra.

Question 29

Describe the function of the external urthral sphincter in males & females and also what muscle it is composed of

Answer 29

Has the same structure in both sexes.

It is skeletal muscle, and under voluntary control.

Question 30

complete

Answer 30

Question 31

Identify the apex of the urinary bladder. This is the site from which the median umbilical ligament ascends to the umbilicus. Embryologically, what is this a remnant of?

Answer 31

The urachus is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder

Question 32

From which part of the bladder does the urethra exit?

Answer 32

internal urethral sphincter

Question 33

When entering the pelvis, what do the ureters cross?

Answer 33

the ureters enter the pelvis by crossing the division of the common iliac artery into the internal and external iliac arteries.

Question 34

What muscle does the ureter lie on?

Answer 34

Psoas major

Question 35

Fill in the blanks

Answer 35

Question 36

Where in the nephron are tubules and corpusles found?

Answer 36

Renal tubules = renal medulla

Renal corpuscles= renal cortex

Question 37

What part of the vertebrae do the ureters lie aligned with?

Answer 37

The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

Question 38

proximal convoluted tubule (found in the x)

loop of Henle (mostly in the x)

distal convoluted tubule (found in the x)

collecting tubule (in the x)

collecting duct (in the x)

Answer 38

Renal corpuscle- renal cortex

proximal convoluted tubule (found in the renal cortex)

loop of Henle (mostly in the medulla)

distal convoluted tubule (found in the renal cortex)

collecting tubule (in the medulla)

collecting duct (in the medulla)

Question 39

What is the predominant tissue type making up the bladder

Answer 39

smooth muscle tissue

The detrusor muscle is located within the walls of the bladder and is composed of smooth muscle fibers that are longitudinal and circular. The layers of the detrusor muscle start longitudinally in the inner layer, become circular in the middle layer, and then longitudinal again in the outer layer.

Question 40

Label A and B

Answer 40

A= Left renal vein

B= Aorta

Question 41

What part of the kidney is this histograph taken from?

Answer 41

Renal cortex

Question 42

Name a structure that crosses X anteriorly in the female pelvis.

Answer 42

Uterine artery

Question 43

Name a horizontal surface marking plane that passes through the hilum of the kidneys at L1.

Answer 43

Transpyloric plane

Question 53

Identify the layer labelled X

Answer 53

Bowman’s capsule