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Anatomy > MSK cadavers lower limb > Flashcards

MSK cadavers lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

label the pelvis diagram

A
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2
Q

venous drainage of the lower limb

A
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3
Q

what does the greater and lesser saphenous vein drain into and where do they ascend next to

A

greater= femoral vein

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4
Q

where do lymphatics of the great and lesser saphenous vein drain

A

great saphenous vein: Superficial inguinal nodes

small saphenous vein: popliteal lymph nodes

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5
Q

What do the following ligaments prevent:

  • ilio-femoral
  • pubofemoral
A

Ilio-femoral: hyperextension

Pubofemoral: hyperabduction

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

name this ligament

A

ischiofemoral ligamen- is the weakest, hence why posterior hip locations are most common

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8
Q

label this diagram

A

(anatomy tv cadavers)

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9
Q

Insersion & innervation for iliopsoas

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur

innervation= femoral n

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10
Q

label this diagram

A
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11
Q

what is the arterial supply to the hip

A

medial and alteral circumflex femoral arteries, branches of the profunda femoris artery

(mainly medial circumflex artery)

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12
Q

label this image: hip lateral/external rotators

A

1) Piriformis

2) Obturator Internus

4) Superior and Inferior Gamelli

5) Quadratus Femoris

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13
Q

which muscles are involved in internal rotation of hip & what is their insertion?

A

Gluteus medius & minimus

Insersion = Greater troachanter

Tensor fascia Lata - iliotibial tract

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14
Q

To which part of the tibia does the pattelor tensdon insert?

A

tibial tubercle

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15
Q

Function, insersion & innervation of the quadriceps

A

Rectus femoris= Flexion of hip & extension of knee

Vastus lateralis, medialis & intermedius = extension of the knee

femoral nerve (L2-4)

insertion point= quadriceps tendon, proximal to patella. this then continues as the patellar tendon, distal to the pattela, which inserts into the anterior tibia- tibial tuberosity

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16
Q

name this structure & its contents

where do the contents of this structure enter after leaving the canal.

A

Adductor canal

Contents= Femoral artery, femoral vein, nerve to the vastus medialis and saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve)

ends at the adductor hiatus

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17
Q

Where do the contents of this structure enter after leaving the adductor canal

A

Enter the popliteal fossa, after which the femoral artery & vein become the popliteal artery & vein

The adductor canal serves as a passageway for structures moving between the anterior thigh and posterior leg.

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18
Q

label the diagram

A
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19
Q

how do you surface landmark the femoral artery

A

Midinguinal point, between Superior Iliac Spine and pubic symphysis

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20
Q

what are the contents of the femoral canal

A

Fat & loose connective tissue

lymphatic vessels & deep lymph nodes

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21
Q

where can a femoral hernia most commonly occur

A

femoral ring- weak area of anterior abdominal wall- superior rounded opening of femoral canal

more common in females

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22
Q

which two important veins drain into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle

A

profunda femoris and the greater sahenous vein

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23
Q

What are the medial rotators of the hip joint?

A

tensor fasciae latae, gluteus minimus and gluteus medius

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24
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the hip joint?

A

Obturator externus & internus

Piriformis

Gemelli

Quadratur femoris

Gluteus maximus

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25
Q

Does the femoral nerve enter the femoral triangle medial or lateral to femoral vessels?

A

Lateral

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26
Q

nerve roots of the femoral and obturator nerve and their functions

A

L2, 3 & 4

obturator nerve innervates medial compartemnt of thigh (adductor muscles, except posterior part of adductor magnus)

femoral nerve innervates flexor muscles/anterior thigh compartment

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27
Q

what are the contents of the femoral sheath

A

Femoral artery, femoral vein & femoral canal

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28
Q

What are the ventral roots of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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29
Q

What muscle is the adductor hiatus present in

A

Adductor magnus

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30
Q

Nerve roots of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its function

A

L2 & 3

supplies the skin of the lateral thigh

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31
Q

label the diagram of the lumbar plexus

A
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32
Q

what is the sensory function of the obturator nerve

A

Supplies the skin of the middle part of the medial thigh.

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

motor and sensory functions of the femoral nerve

A

Motor functions: Innervates the anterior thigh muscles that flex the hip joint (pectineus, iliacus, sartorius) and extend the knee (quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius),

Sensory functions: Supplies cutaneous branches to the anteromedial thigh (anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve) and the medial side of the leg and foot (saphenous nerve).

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35
Q

Listed below are muscles located within the thigh – which one is innervated by the femoral nerve?

A
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36
Q

Below is an illustration of the cutaneous innervation of the lower limb. Which label corresponds to an area innervated by a branch of the femoral nerve?

A

C’ corresponds to the anterior cutaneous branches - derived from the anterior division of the femoral nerve. They supply the skin of the anteromedial thigh.

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37
Q

What muscles attach onto the pes anserinus on medial aspect of tibia?

A

Sartorius, gracillis and semitendinosus

38
Q

Label this diagram

A

A= Pectineus

B= Femoral vein

C= Femoral artery

D= Femoral nerve

E= Iliacus

F= Sartorius

G= Rectus femoris

H= Iliotibial tract

I= Fascia latae

J= Adductor brevis

K= Adductor longus

L= Adductor magnus

M= Gracillis

39
Q

What structure forms the lateral border of the adductor canal?

and the medial border?

A

Vastus medialis

medial border= sartorius

40
Q

How to test motor function of femoral nerve

A
41
Q

label this diagram of the pelvic girdle

A
42
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis?

A
43
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

44
Q

What two muscles attach onto the iliotibial tract, and what is its function

A

Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae

  • provides stabalisation to the lateral aspect of the knee
45
Q

Function of Gluteus maximus muscle

A

Extension, lateral rotation, of the hip

Assists in abduction

46
Q

Function of Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae

A

Abduction & internal rotation of hip

47
Q

explain where it is safe to give intermuscular injections & why

A

Only in the upper lateral quadrant of the buttox

The sciatic nerve passes through the lower medial quadrant, this is so that we avoid damaging the sciatic nerve.

48
Q

what are the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve & what is there functions

A

Tibial nerve

– Motor to the muscles of the posterior leg (calf muscles), and some of the intrinsic muscles of the foot.

  • Seonsry to the skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral foot and the sole of the foot.

Common fibular nerve

– Motor to the muscles of the anterior leg, lateral leg, and the remaining intrinsic foot muscles.

  • Sensory to the skin of the lateral leg and the dorsum of the foot.
49
Q

Complete the sentence: The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis and enters the gluteal region via the ______________ foramen

A

Greater sciatic foramen

50
Q

A patient suffers iatrogenic sciatic nerve palsy following a total hip replacement. Which of the following movements will be unaffected?

A
51
Q

Which of the following areas receives sensory innervation from the sciatic nerve or its branches?

A
52
Q

Label this diagram of the sacral plexus

A
53
Q

Label these muscles

A
54
Q

What artery supplies blood to posterior muscle compartment of thigh?

A

profunda femoris- branch of femoral artery

55
Q

what is a positive trendelenburg test

A

when a person with a lesion of the superior gluteal nerve is asked to stand on one leg, the pelvis descends to the unsupported side, indicating that the gluteus medius on the contralateral side is non-functioning.

56
Q

What causes sciatica

A

Narrowing of the vertebral foramen which compressed nerve roots

Usually L5 vertebrae

Happens due to ageing decreasing flexibility of muscles, ligaments and joints

57
Q

Why is the attachment of the MCL to the medial meniscus clinically important

Also, descrpibe the unhappy triad of knee injuries

A

It prevents the leg from extending to far inward, whilst keeping the knee stable and allowing it to rotate

A MCL rupture almost always will occur with a medial meniscus injury and an anterior crusciate ligament tear- unhappy triad

58
Q

Why do ACL injuries cause major consequences to sportsmen

A

ACL injury or tear automatically means a long time out of playing sport.

The ACL is a vital component in providing stability to the knee joint, preventing the femur from sliding on the tibia.
After repair due to the poor blood supply to the ACL, it can take a long time to heal.

Although both cruciate ligaments can be damaged, a PCL tear/rupture is less common due to the force required by a direct blow on the tibia to cause injury, compared to the twisting decelerating motions required to disrupt the ACL

PCL ligament injury i.e. A man is an unrestrained passenger in the front seat of a car that strikes a utility pole. His tibia contacts the dashboard with great force.

ACL ligament injury i.e. twisting motion, sports with sudden stops/changes in direction. ACL is the weaker of the two crusciate ligaments

59
Q

Function of the popliteus muscle

A

The popliteus muscle is a small but, nevertheless important muscle in helping release the fully extended or “locked” knee.

When flexing from a fully extended position, the muscle rotates the femur laterally on the tibia (or vice-versa), allowing for the unimpeded movement of the joint

60
Q

label this diagram

A
  1. Medial meniscus
  2. Lateral meniscus
  3. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  4. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
61
Q

what type of bone is the patella and what makes it move

A

sesamoid bone

flexion of the knee causes the patella to move inferiorly

62
Q

label the bursae of the knee joint

A
  1. subcutaneous Prepatellar bursa
  2. Deep infrapatellar bursa
  3. Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
  4. suprapatellar bursa
63
Q

describe the clinical significance of the suprapatellar bursa communicating with the articular cavity of the knee joint

A

Prevents friction between moving structures. In most people it communicates with the knee joint and so can be a useful indicator of the presence of a knee effusion (increased amount of fluid within the synovial compartment of a joint)

64
Q

Label this diagram

A
65
Q
A

a= biceps femoris

b= sciatic nerve

c= semitendinosus

d= semimembranosus

e= gracilis

f= iliotibial tract

g= gluteus maximus

66
Q

What type of injury causes a medial ligament tear

A

Blow to the lateral side of an extended knee/ excessive lateral twisting of a flexed knee which distrupts MCL and coconcominantly tears/detaches the medial meniscus from the joint capsule

ACL is taught during flecion may also tear subsequent to the rupture of MCL

67
Q

What type of injury injures the PCL

What is the clinical test done for a PCL tear

A

PCL is strong

may rupture when a person lands on the tibial tuberosity when the knee is flexed. Usually occur in conjuction with tibial or fibular ligament tears

clinical test= posterior drawer sign (free tibia slides posteriorly under the fixed femur)

68
Q

function & innervation of gracillis

A
  • flexes the knee joint
  • medially rotates the leg when the knee is flexed
  • weak adductor of the thigh.

Innervated by obturator nerve

69
Q

Label nerve a and b

A

a= femoral nerve

b= Scitatic n

70
Q

Origin of sartorius

Rectus femoris

A

Sartorius- anterior superior iliac spin

Rectus femoris - anterior inferior iliac spine

71
Q

Distil attachment for semimembranosus

A

Medial condyl of tibia

72
Q

Proximal attachment for semi-membranosus and semi-tendinosus and biceps femoris long head

(hamstrings)

A

Ischial tuberosity

Hamstrings + adductor magnus isnert here

73
Q

What are the main hip abductors & where is their insertion

A

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and piriformis

insertion at the greater trochanter of the femur

74
Q

What actions are produced by the piriformis muscle

A

Lateral rotation & extension of the hip & abduction of hip when femur is flexed

75
Q

What is the femoral sheath made of?

A

Connective tissue

76
Q

Does the femoral nerve pass deep or superficial to the inguinal ligament?

A

The femoral nerve passes deep to the inguinal ligament

77
Q

What arteries exposure and ligation in the adductor’s canal can be used for treating patients with aneurysm of popliteal artery

A

The femoral artery

78
Q

From what muscle does the lumbar plexus emerge

A

Psoas major muscle

79
Q

What are the nerve roots of the Ilioinguinal, Iliohypogastric & genitofemoral

A

L1-L2

80
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia of the thigh

A

The fascia lata

This is thickened laterally, to form the iliotibial tract.

81
Q

Which muscle does the sacral plexus lie on?

A

The piriformis

82
Q

The sacral plexus is formed from…

A

The anterior rami of L4&5 and S1-4

83
Q

What foramen does the sciatic nerve travel through

A

The greater sciatic foramen

84
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve divide & what does it divide into

A

The apex of the popliteal fossa

Into the tibial and the common fibular nerve

85
Q

where is the most common site of sciatica

A

L5 vertebrae

Compression of the nerve roots in this region can cause a syndrome called sciatica – where the proximal nerve compression can cause an ‘electric shock’ type pain passing from the back down to the toes (the dermatomal area supplied by the sciatic nerve).

86
Q

Which is the most important muscle which helps to stabilize the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps

87
Q

Label

A

Bones

  1. Patella 2. Fibula 3. Tibia 4. Femur

Articular Surfaces

a. Medial femoral condyle b. Lateral femoral condyle c. Lateral tibial condyle
d. Medial tibial condyle e. Tibial tuberosity

88
Q

Complete

A
89
Q

Which bursae communicates with the knee joint

A

The suprapatellar bursa allows for movement of the quadriceps tendon over the distal end of the femur.

In about 85% of individuals, this bursa communicates with the knee joint.

90
Q

What else might be damaged with an anterior crusciate ligament injury

A

Medial meniscus & medial collateral ligament

91
Q
A

Anatomy (30 decks)

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