Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Label this diagram

A
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2
Q

Label the diagram

A

1 = Hypothalamus

2 = Pituitary gland

3 = Optic chiasm

4 = Thalamus

5 = Sphenoid air sinus

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3
Q

What therefore would the resultant visual field defect be due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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4
Q

How do we differentiate anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

A

Anterior vs posterior?

  • Posterior is a continuation of the pituitary stalk
  • Anterior pituitary is larger, glandular- develops from the branchial arches
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5
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. pituitary stalks
  2. Mamillary bodies
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6
Q

Which is the larger of the two lobes?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior pituitary?

A

Branches of the internal carotid artery – the superior hypophysial artery

The superior hypophysial artery enters into the substance of the hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries (the hypophysial portal system). These capillaries then supply the anterior pituitary gland.

The inferior hypophysial artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland.

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8
Q

Complete the labels

A
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9
Q

where do the hypothyseal veins drain

A

Into the cavernous sinus

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10
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland

A

AP: Superior hypophyseal artery (branch of the internal carotid A)

PP: Superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery and inferior hypophyseal artery.

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11
Q

Between what vertebral levels do we find the thyroid gland

A

located between the vertebral level of C5 - T1, and between the cricoid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring.

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12
Q

Location of the isthmus

A

Opposite the 2nd to 3rd tracheal rings

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13
Q

Complete the diagram

A
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14
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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15
Q

complete the blanks

A
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16
Q

Complete the diagram

A
17
Q

What two nerves supply the muscles of the vocal cords

A

Recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerve

18
Q

What nerve is particuarly at risk of injury during a thyroidectomy.

A

The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ELN) is intimately associated with the superior thyroid artery (STA) in relation to the superior pole of the thyroid gland, rendering it vulnerable to injury during the ligation of this vessel during thyroidectomy.

19
Q

From which artery does the superior and inferior thyroid artery arise from

A

Superior thyroid artery= External carotid A

Inferior thyroid artery = Subclavian A

20
Q

Into which vein does the superior, middle and inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

Superior & middle thyroid vein = Internal jugular vein

Inferior thyroid vein= brachiocephalic vein

21
Q

Where does most lymph from the thyroid gland drain?

A

Deep cervical group of lymph nodes

22
Q

How are suprarenal glands and the kidney peritonised?

A

They are both retroperitoneal

23
Q

Describe the embryological origin of the suprarenal glands

A

Mesodermal epithelium gives rise to the cortex and neuroectoderm gives rise to the medulla.

24
Q

Label the diagram

A
25
Q

What are the superior and inferior thyroid artery branches of

A

Superior thyroid artery- 1st branch of ECA

Inferior thyroid artery- branch of subclavian

26
Q

Arterial supply and venous drainage of the suprarenal glands

A

3 pairs of suprarenal arteries:

  • superior from inferior phrenic
  • Middle directly from aorta
  • Inferior from renal arteries

Only 1 suprarenal vein on each side

Right drains into IVC

Left drains into Left renal vein.

27
Q

How is the pancres peritonised

A

The pancres is retroperitoneal except from the tail

28
Q

Complete the diagram

A
29
Q

Fill in this diagram

A
30
Q

Label the diagram

A

A- Hyoid bone

B- Thyroid cartilage

C- Omohyoid

D- Cricoid cartilage

E- Sternohyoid

F- Sternothyroid

G- Common carotid artery

H- Thyrohyoid

I- Jugular vein

31
Q
A
32
Q

What does the pituitary gland sit in?

A

Sella turica, in the sphenoid bone

33
Q
A
34
Q
A
35
Q
A