Endocrine Flashcards
Label this diagram
Label the diagram
1 = Hypothalamus
2 = Pituitary gland
3 = Optic chiasm
4 = Thalamus
5 = Sphenoid air sinus
What therefore would the resultant visual field defect be due to pituitary gland enlargement?
Bitemporal hemianopia
How do we differentiate anterior and posterior pituitary gland?
Anterior vs posterior?
- Posterior is a continuation of the pituitary stalk
- Anterior pituitary is larger, glandular- develops from the branchial arches
Label this diagram
- pituitary stalks
- Mamillary bodies
Which is the larger of the two lobes?
Anterior pituitary gland
What is the blood supply to the anterior pituitary?
Branches of the internal carotid artery – the superior hypophysial artery
The superior hypophysial artery enters into the substance of the hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries (the hypophysial portal system). These capillaries then supply the anterior pituitary gland.
The inferior hypophysial artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland.
Complete the labels
where do the hypothyseal veins drain
Into the cavernous sinus
Describe the arterial supply to the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland
AP: Superior hypophyseal artery (branch of the internal carotid A)
PP: Superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery and inferior hypophyseal artery.
Between what vertebral levels do we find the thyroid gland
located between the vertebral level of C5 - T1, and between the cricoid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring.
Location of the isthmus
Opposite the 2nd to 3rd tracheal rings
Complete the diagram
Fill in the blanks
complete the blanks
Complete the diagram
What two nerves supply the muscles of the vocal cords
Recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerve
What nerve is particuarly at risk of injury during a thyroidectomy.
The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ELN) is intimately associated with the superior thyroid artery (STA) in relation to the superior pole of the thyroid gland, rendering it vulnerable to injury during the ligation of this vessel during thyroidectomy.
From which artery does the superior and inferior thyroid artery arise from
Superior thyroid artery= External carotid A
Inferior thyroid artery = Subclavian A
Into which vein does the superior, middle and inferior thyroid vein drain?
Superior & middle thyroid vein = Internal jugular vein
Inferior thyroid vein= brachiocephalic vein
Where does most lymph from the thyroid gland drain?
Deep cervical group of lymph nodes
How are suprarenal glands and the kidney peritonised?
They are both retroperitoneal
Describe the embryological origin of the suprarenal glands
Mesodermal epithelium gives rise to the cortex and neuroectoderm gives rise to the medulla.
Label the diagram
What are the superior and inferior thyroid artery branches of
Superior thyroid artery- 1st branch of ECA
Inferior thyroid artery- branch of subclavian
Arterial supply and venous drainage of the suprarenal glands
3 pairs of suprarenal arteries:
- superior from inferior phrenic
- Middle directly from aorta
- Inferior from renal arteries
Only 1 suprarenal vein on each side
Right drains into IVC
Left drains into Left renal vein.
How is the pancres peritonised
The pancres is retroperitoneal except from the tail
Complete the diagram
Fill in this diagram
Label the diagram
A- Hyoid bone
B- Thyroid cartilage
C- Omohyoid
D- Cricoid cartilage
E- Sternohyoid
F- Sternothyroid
G- Common carotid artery
H- Thyrohyoid
I- Jugular vein
What does the pituitary gland sit in?
Sella turica, in the sphenoid bone
