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Medical Sciences > Upper GI > Flashcards

Upper GI Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Overview of Upper GI tract

A

Oral Cavity → Pharynx → Oesphagus → Stomach

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2
Q

Function of oral cavity

A

Receives food + prepares it for further digestion

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3
Q

Oral fissure?

A

opening between lips (diameter controlled by facial expression muscle)

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4
Q

Oropharyngeal isthmus?

A

opening to oesophagus

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5
Q

Oral Vestibule?

A

Space between lips / cheeks and gums / teeth

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6
Q

Which salivary gland opens into oral vestibule?

A

Parotid

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7
Q

What is the oral cavity split into?

A

Roof, Floor, Cheeks

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8
Q

Hard Palette?

A

Bony plate separating nasal cavity from oral cavity (roof of oral cavity)

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9
Q

Soft Palette?

A

Muscular structure acting as a valve (can lower to close oropharyngeal isthmus + elevates to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx)

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10
Q

Function of cheeks of oral cavity?

A

Buccinator muscles contract = keep food between teeth while chewing

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11
Q

Muscular diaphragm of oral cavity floor + geniohyoid muscles?

A

Pull larynx forward during swallowing

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12
Q

Frenulum of tongue?

A

fold in oral mucosa connecting the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

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13
Q

Hard Palette Innervation

A

Trigeminal Nerve → Maxillary Nerve → Greater Palatine Nerve + Nasopalatine Nerve → HARD PALETTE

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14
Q

Soft Palette Innervation

A

Trigeminal Nerve → Maxillary Nerve → Lesser Palatine Nerve → SOFT PALETTE

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15
Q

Tongue Innervation

A

Trigeminal Nerve → Mandibular Nerve → Lingual Nerve → TONGUE

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16
Q

Cheeks Innervation

A

Trigeminal Nerve → Mandibular Nerve → Buccal Nerve → CHEEKS

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17
Q

Salivary Glands? (3)

A

Parotid Glands
Sublingual Glands
Submandibular Glands

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18
Q

Parotid Gland Arterial supply

A

External Carotid Artery → Posterior Auricular Artery + Superficial Temporal Artery → PAROTID GLAND

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19
Q

Parotid Venous Drainage

A

PAROTID GLAND → Retromandibular Vein → Superficial Temporal Vein + Maxillary Vein

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20
Q

Parasympathetics of Parotid

A 
Parasympathetic = more saliva 
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (synapses with) Octic Ganglion (carries parasympathetic fibres to) Parotid Gland
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21
Q

Sympathetics of Parotid

A

Sympathetic = inhibits saliva (by vasoconstriction)

From Sup. Cervical Ganglion (fibres from ganglion travel along) External Carotid Artery (to the) Parotid Gland

22
Q

Sensory innervation of Parotid

A

Sensory Innervation = Auriculotemporal Nerve + Great Auricular Nerve

23
Q

where are the sublingual glands?

A

On the oral cavity floor (under the tongue)

Both glands unite in horseshoe shape around lingual frenulum

24
Q

Sublingual fossa?

A

= shallow groove formed by glands on the surface of the mandible

25
Q

Sublingual fold?

A

= elevated crest of mucosa membrane in superior aspect of the horseshoe (where sublingual glands unite)

26
Q

Where do secretions of sublingual drain? How?

A

Secretions drain into oral cavity by the minor sublingual ducts (extend to form sublingual papillae either side of frenulum)

27
Q

Sublingual Gland Arterial Supply (2)

A

External Carotid Artery → Lingual Artery → Sublingual Artery → SUBLINGUAL GLANDS
External Carotid Artery → Facial Artery → Submental Artery → SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

28
Q

Sublingual Venous Drainage (2)

A

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS → Sublingual Vein → Lingual Vein → External Jugular Vein
SUBLINGUAL GLANDS → Submental Vein → Facial Artery → External Jugular Vein

29
Q

Sublingual + submandibular parasympathetics (including post-ganglionic)

A

Sup. Salivatory Nucleus (through presynaptic fibres via) chorda tympani of Facial Nerve (which unite with) Lingual Branch of Mandibular Nerve (synapsing at) Submandibular Ganglion

Postganglionic innervation = secretomotor fibres (directly induce secretions) + vasodilator fibres (accompany arteries to increase blood supply)

30
Q

sublingual + submandibular sympathetics

A

Sup. Cervical Ganglion (post-synaptic vasoconstrictive fibres travel as a plexus to) Internal / External Carotid Arteries + Facial Artery + Sublingual / Submental Arteries

Reduces blood flow through vasoconstriction

31
Q

submandibular gland arms (2)

A

Superficial arm + Deep arm

Hook around Mylohyoid muscle

32
Q

superficial arm of submandibular

A

Greater portion of gland

Within impression of submandibular fossa (outside oral cavity boundary)

33
Q

deep arm of submandibular

A

Hooks around posterior margin of mylohyoid + lateral surface of hyoglossus (lateral to root of tongue)

34
Q

where is submandibular saliva secreted

A

Secretions travel from submandibular ducts → oral cavity (via submandibular ducts)

35
Q

submandibular arterial supply (2)

A

External Carotid Artery → Facial Artery → Submental Artery → SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS
External Carotid Artery → Lingual Artery → Sublingual Artery → SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS

36
Q

submandibular venous supply (2)

A

SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS → Submental Vein → Facial Vein → Internal Jugular Vein
SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS → Sublingual Vein → Lingual Vein → Internal Jugular Vein

37
Q

what is the pharynx? 3 parts?

A

Muscular tube connecting oral and nasal cavity to larynx + oesophagus
(nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

38
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

between soft palette + sup. border of epiglottis

39
Q

Where is the larygnopharynx?

A

Between sup. Border of Epiglottis + inf. Border of Cricoid Cartilage

40
Q

Types of muscle in pharynx? (2) + description

A

1) circular constrictor muscles ( form incomplete muscular circle attaching to structures in the neck)
2) longitudinal (Act to shorten + widen pharynx + elevate larynx during swallowing)

41
Q

where are sup, middle, inf pharyngeal constrictors?

A

sup = oro

middle + inf = laryngo

42
Q

Stylopharyngeus (longitudinal muscle)?

A

Arises from styloid process of temporal bone (inserts into pharynx)
Innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve

43
Q

Palatopharyngeneus (longitudinal muscle)?

A

Arises from hard palate of oral cavity
Inserts into pharynx
Innervated by vagus nerve

44
Q

Salpingopharyngngeus (longitudinal muscle)?

A

Arises from Eustachian tube
Inserts into pharynx
Innervated by vagus nerve

45
Q

stage 1 Degluttination

A

Voluntary
Bolus pushes against hard palate
Pushed from mouth into oropharynx by tongue muscle

46
Q

stage 2 Degluttination

A

Involuntary
Soft palate is elevated (blocks off nasopharynx)
Muscles of pharynx widen + shorten (to receive bolus)

47
Q

stage 3 Degluttination

A

Sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Forces bolus into oesphagus

48
Q

Pharynx arterial supply (3)

A

External Carotid Artery → ascending pharyngeal artery → PHARYNX
External Carotid Artery → branches of facial artery → PHARYNX
External Carotid Artery → branches of lingual + maxillary arteries→ PHARYNX

49
Q

Pharynx venous drainage

A

PHARYNX → pharyngeal venous plexus → internal jugular vein

50
Q

Sensory + motor innervation of pharynx

A

Sensory innervation = from glossopharyngeal nerve

Motor innervation = by vagus nerve (except for stylopharyngeus)

Medical Sciences (22 decks)

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