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Medical Sciences > Anatomy of Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of Heart Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aorta?

A

Artery carrying oxygenated blood to the body (pumped by the LEFT side)

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2
Q

Main Arteries branching from arch of aorta (3)

A

Subclavian Arteries
Common Carotid Arteries
Brachiocephalic Trunk

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3
Q

Pulmonary Arteries?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood (from RIGHT ventricle) + pumps it to the lungs for gas exchange

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4
Q

How many pulmonary veins? What are they?

A

(4)
Sup. + Inf. Right Pulmonary Vein
Sup + Inf. Left Pulmonary Vein

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5
Q

Pulmonary Veins?

A

Receive oxygenated blood from lungs (delivers it to left side of heart)

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6
Q

Sup. Vena Cava

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from UPPER BODY (above the diaphragm - excluding heart + lungs)
Drains into SUPERIOR part of Right Atrium

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7
Q

Inf. Vena Cava

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from LOWER BODY (below diaphragm)
Drains into INFERIOR part of Right Atrium

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8
Q

Which veins is the Vena Cava formed from

A

Superior =Formed by merging of brachiocephalic veins

Inferior = Formed initially in the pelvis (by merging of common iliac veins)

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9
Q

Sulci?

A

grooves of heart surface (created by chamber divisions)

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10
Q

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)?

A

Divides atria from ventricles (runs transversely around heart)

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11
Q

Anterior + posterior interventricular sulci ?

A

Wall separating the R + L ventricles (run vertically on the respective sides of the heart)

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12
Q

Pericardial Sinuses?

A

Passageways formed by folds in pericardium around great vessels

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13
Q

Right side circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation

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14
Q

Left side circulation

A

Systemic circulation

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15
Q

Blood in R atrium

A

Deoxygenated blood from sup.+ inf. Vena Cava + coronary veins

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16
Q

right auricle?

A

(extension of chamber) =muscular pouch acting to increase capacity of atrium

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17
Q

crista terminalis ?

A

muscular ridge separating two sections of right atrium (due to distinct embryological origin)

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18
Q 
Sinus Venarum? 
(Relation to crista terminalis 
Blood flow
Wall type 
Derivitive)
A

Posterior to crista terminalis
Receives blood from sup.+ inf. Vena cava
Smooth walled
Derived from embryonic sinus venosus

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19
Q

Atrium Proper?
(Relation to crista terminalis
Wall type
Derivitive)

A

Anterior to crista terminalis (includes right auricle)
Derived from primitive atrium
Rough muscular walls (formed by pectinate muscles)

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20
Q

Coronary Sinus?

Blood flow + location

A

Receives blood from coronary veins

Opens into right atrium between inf. Vena Cava orifice + right atrioventricular orifice

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21
Q

Intra atrial Septum

A

Solid muscular wall separating left + right atria

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22
Q

Fossa ovalis?

description + function

A

Oval shaped depression in right atrial septal wall

Allowed shunting of blood to bypass lungs in foetus (closes as newborn takes first breath

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23
Q

Blood in L atrium

A

Oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins

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24
Q

Left auricle location?

A

overlaps roof of Pulmonary Trunk

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25
Q

L atrium inflow portion

Location + Blood flow + walls

A

Posterior
Receives blood from pulmonary veins
Smooth internal structure (derived from pulmonary veins)

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26
Q

L atrium outflow portion

Location + Blood flow + walls

A

Anterior (includes left auricle)
Lined with pectinate muscles (rough surface)
Derived from embryonic atrium

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27
Q

R ventricle blood

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium

28
Q

Muscular ridge seperating inflow + outflow portion of right ventricle

A

supraventricular crest

29
Q

What is trabeculae carnae (found in ventricle inflow portion)
(3 components)

A

Series of irregular muscular elevations
1) Ridges = attached along whole length on one side (along internal surface of ventricle)

2) Bridges = attach to ventricle at both ends but free in the middle
3) Pillars (papillary muscles) = anchored by base of ventricle - apices attached to fibrous chords (chordea tendae)

30
Q

Ventricle outflow portion

Location + walls

A

Superior aspect of ventricle

Smooth walls derived from bulbus cordis

31
Q

How do Chordae tendae work

A

Chordae tendae attach to tricuspid valve cusps

By contracting, papillary muscles can pull chordae tendineae to prevent valve prolapse

32
Q

what are the 2 parts of the intraventricular septum?

A

Superior membranous part (part of fibrous skeleton)

Inferior muscular part (forms majority of septum)

33
Q

L ventricle blood flow

A

Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium

34
Q

Overview of Conduction in the Heart?

A

1) Excitation signal (action potential) created by SA node
2) Wave of excitation spreads across atria (causing contraction)
3) Signal delayed when it reaches AV node
4) Conducted into Bundle of His (down the intra ventricular septum)
5) Spread waves of impulses along ventricles (Bundle of His + purkinje fibres) causing them to contract

35
Q

SA node location

A

upper wall of right atrium

36
Q

sympathetic n.s on SA node

A

increase firing rate of S.A node (+ heart rate)

37
Q

parasympathetic n.s on SA node

A

decreases firing rate of S.A node (+ heart rate)

38
Q

AV node location

A

Within atrioventricular septum (near opening to coronary sinus)

39
Q

Bundle of His (what does it do + where)

A

Transmits electrical signal from AV node → purkinje fibres in ventricles
Descends down membranous part of interventricular septum
Divides into R+L bundle branches (depending on the ventricle)

40
Q

Purkinje fibre adaptations (2)

A

Abundant with glycogen + extensive gap junctions

41
Q

Purkinje fibre (what do they do?)

A

Rapidly transmit cardiac action potentials from AV bundle to ventricular myocardium (causes ventricular systole)

42
Q

Innermost layer of heart wall

A

Endocardium

loose connective tissue + simple squamous epithelial tissue

43
Q

Subendocardial Layer (heart wall)

A

Joins endocardium + myocardium
= loose fibrous tissue (contains vessels + nerves)
Contains purkinje fibres

44
Q

Myocardium?

A 
Cardiac muscle (involuntary striated muscle)
Responsible for contractions of heart
45
Q

Subepicardial Layer?

A

between myocardium + epicardium

46
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost layer of heart = formed by visceral layer of pericardium
= connective tissue + fat
Connective tissue secrets small amount of lubricating fluid into pericardial cavity
Lined by simple squamous epithelial cells

47
Q

Fibrous Pericardium (+ function)

A

Continuous with central tendon of diaphragm
Made of tough connective tissue (relatively non-distensible)
Rigid structure = prevents overfilling of the heart

48
Q

serous pericardium

A 
2 layers (Outer parietal layer + Inner visceral layer)
Both single sheet of epithelial cell = mesothelium
49
Q

Pericardium Functions (4)

A

1) Fixes heart in the mediastinum (limits motion)
Possible as its attached to diaphragm, sternum + outer layer of great vessels

2) Prevents overfilling
3) Lubrication (reduces friction generated from heart against thoracic cavity)
4) Protection from infection (physical barrier from other organs more prone to infection)

50
Q

AV valves

A

tricuspid (R) , mitral (L)

51
Q

SL valves

A

aortic (L), pulmonary (R)

52
Q

Tricuspid properties

A

RIGHT atrium + ventricle (right AV orifice)
3 cusps (anterior, septal, posterior)
Base of each cusp anchored to fibrous ring surrounding orifice

53
Q

Mitral Properties

A 
LEFT atrium + ventricle (left AV orifice)
2 cusps (anterior + posterior) - attached to fibrous ring
54
Q

how are AV valves supported?

A

Supported by attachment to chordae tendae + papillary muscles (preventing prolapse)
3 papillary muscles = right interior surface
2 papillary muscles = left interior surface

55
Q

When are AV valves closed

A

start of ventricular systole

56
Q

When are SL valves closed?

A

start of ventricular diastole

57
Q

Pulmonary valve properties

A 
RIght ventricle + pulmonary trunk (pulmonary orifice)
3 cusps ( right, left, anterior) after position in foetus before the heart rotates
58
Q

Aortic valve properties

A 
Left ventricle + aorta (aortic orifice)
3 cusps (right, left, posterior) - from position in foetus 
L+R aortic sinuses = mark origin of R+L coronary arteries
59
Q

Aortic sinuses?

A

As blood recoils during ventricular diastole blood flows back into aortic sinuses
Enters coronary arteries to supply the myocardium

60
Q

Lunule?

A

Free superior edge of cusp leaflet = thickened

61
Q

Nodule?

A

Where cusp leaflet is widest (at midline)

62
Q

How do SL valves close?

A

At beginning of ventricular diastole blood flows backwards, pushing leaflet together + closing the valves)

63
Q

2 Main coronary arteries

A

Left + right coronary arteries (arise from left + right aortic sinuses)

64
Q

Venous Drainage

A

small trabituaries –> larger veins draining into coronary sinus (in the coronary sulcus of posterior surface)

65
Q

5 main tributaries

A

Great Cardiac Vein

Small Cardiac Vein

Middle Cardiac Vein

Left Marginal Vein

Left Posterior Ventricular Vein

Medical Sciences (22 decks)

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