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Medical Sciences > Joints + Ligaments > Flashcards

Joints + Ligaments Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Classification of joints (3)

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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2
Q

Types of fibrous joints? (2)

A

Sutures

Syndesmoses

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3
Q

What are sutures? Where are they found?

A

Immovable fibrous joints (in adults) only found in the skull
Found where margins of skull bones meet (edge-edge or overlapping)

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4
Q

Sutural ligament?

A

zone of connective tissue connecting articulating bones

= remnants of mesenchyme sheet from skull ossification

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5
Q

Where are oesteogneic cells found? What do they do?

A

On sutural surfaces

Capable of laying down bone

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6
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Gaps between bones at birth (before bone has grown together)

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7
Q

what is synostosis?

A

When sutural ligament → bone (by osteogenic cells when growth at the suture is complete)
Suture is obliterated (at 30yrs+)

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8
Q

what are syndesmoses?

A

Closely opposed bony surfaces bound together by fibrous tissue
Allows small about of movement

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9
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

A

Primary cartilaginous joints = synchondroses

Secondary cartilaginous joints = symphyses

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10
Q

What are synchondroses?

A 
TEMPORARY  joints (allow GROWTH in bones, NOT MOVEMENT)
Obliterated by ossification of cartilage
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11
Q

What are symphyses?

A

Joint where bones are covered by hyaline cartilage + held together by a plate of fibrocartilage

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12
Q

What is a fibrous capsule? Function?

A

Fibrous bag around a synovial joint

Stops bones slipping apart and dislocating

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13
Q

Mechanisms to reduce friction in synovial joints? (4)

A

Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Intra-articular structures

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14
Q

Simple synovial joint?

A

Between 2 bones (2 articulating surfaces)

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15
Q

Compound synovial joint?

A

Between more than one articulating surface

More than one mating pair is formed - each sticking to their own partners

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16
Q

Complex synovial joint?

A

When an intra-articular disc is present in the joint cavity (intervening between the articulating surfaces)

17
Q

Axes for joint movement (3)

A

Anteroposterior axis = from front to back through articular end of bone
Transverse axis = from side to side through articular end of bone
Vertical axis = passing vertically down from the articular end

18
Q

UNIAXIAL JOINTS?

A

= can rotate around one axis (posses one degree of freedom)

19
Q

BIAXIAL JOINTS?

A

= can rotate around two axes (posses two degrees of freedom)

20
Q

MULTIAXIAL JOINTS

A

= can rotate in all three axes (+ permit rotation around axes in intermediate positions between the 3 major planes) (three degrees of freedom)

21
Q

Plane Joints

A

Between relatively flat articular surfaces

Movement due to one bone sliding over its partner

22
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Uniaxial joints resembling hinges of a door

Joint capsule = thickened on each side (provides a collateral ligament)

23
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Bony pivot surrounded by an osteoligamentous ring (made of bone and fibrous tissue)
Uniaxial (restricted to rotation around a longitudinal axis passing down centre of pivot)

24
Q

Condylar Joints

A

Limit movement largely to 1 axis (but allow small degree of movement to an axis at the other right angle)
Two distinct convex male surfaces articulating with 2 concave female surfaces

25
Q

Ellipsoid Joints

A

Have an oval convex male surface received by an elliptical concave female surface
Biaxial (movement in two planes at right angles to each other)

26
Q

Saddle(Sellar) Joints

A

Biaxial
Articulating surfaces are concavo-convex
Surfaces maximally convex in one plane + maximally convex in the plane at right angles to it)

27
Q

Ball + Socket Joints

A

Formed when globular male head is received into a cup-like female concavity of another bone

28
Q

Close packing postion?

A

Where two synovial articular surfaces perfectly fit together = close-packed position

29
Q

Loose packed position?

A

Where synovial articular surfaces are NOT perfectly fitted together

30
Q

Blood supply for joints?

A

periarticular arterial plexuses

31
Q

Synovial joint innervation?

A

Innervated by the nerves which supply the muscles acting on the joint

Medical Sciences (22 decks)

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