Anatomy of Bones + Cartilage

Question 1

Somatic Skeleton?

Answer 1

Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, sesamoid bones

Question 2

Visceral Skeleton?

Answer 2

derivatives of branchial arches (embryological feature)

Question 3

Functions of bone? (three)

Answer 3

1) supporting framework for soft tissues
2) allowing movement
3) protection (e.g skull and spinal chord)

Question 4

Types of mature bone? (two)

Answer 4

1) Compact bone

2) Trabecular (spongey bone)

Question 5

Yellow Adipose bone marrow?

Answer 5

connective tissues supporting blood vessels + fat cells

Question 6

Red Haemopoietic bone marrow?

Answer 6

forms blood cells

Question 7

What is the bone completely covered by? (except articular surface)

Answer 7

periosteum

Question 8

Endochondral / intracartilaginous ossification

Answer 8

cartilage model being replaced by hard bony tissue

Question 9

intramembranous / mesenchymal ossification

Answer 9

bones aren’t preformed from cartilage

ossification spreads through mesenchyme tissue

Question 10

Diaphysis? What is it ossified by?

Answer 10

shaft of long bone

ossified by primary ossification centre

Question 11

Epiphysis? Ossified by?

Answer 11

ends of bone

ossified by secondary ossification centre

Question 12

Metaphysis?

Answer 12

part of diaphysis directly next to epiphysis

where bone growth occurs

Question 13

Epiphysial (growth) plate?

Answer 13

region of remaining cartilage between epiphysis + diaphysis

Question 14

Types of Cartilage (three)

Answer 14

1) Hyaline Cartilage
2) White Fibrocartilage
3) Yellow Elastic Fibrocartilage

Question 15

Hyaline Cartilage function (3)

Answer 15

1) forms cartilage model of bones
2) used for articular cartilage
3) Incomplete rings in trachae + bronchi

Question 16

Arterial supply to bones

Answer 16

Diaphysial nutrient arteries (from large arteries passing close to bone
Ephiphysial + metaphysial arteries (can replace diaphysial supply)

Question 17

Vascular foramina?

Answer 17

holes allowing entry nutrient arteries + exits of veins

Question 18

PROXIMAL END

Answer 18

end of bone nearest to the trunk (applied usually to long bone)

Question 19

DISTAL END

Answer 19

= end of bone furthest from the trunk (in long bone)

Question 20

ARTICULAR SURFACE + ARTICULAR FACET

Answer 20

= smooth surface of a bone involved in a joint (small auricular surface = articular facet)

Question 21

TENDON FACETS

Answer 21

= bony facets (without articular cartilage) where tendons attach to the bone

Question 22

CONDYLES + TROCHLEA

Answer 22

= curved articular surface

Grooved condyle = trochlea

Question 23

EPICONDYLES

Answer 23

= small projection jutting out of condyle (usually for attachment of a ligament)

Question 24

FOSSA

Answer 24

= depression on the surface of a bone

Question 25

GROOVE / SULCUS

Answer 25

= elongated depression (usually occupied by soft tissue structure)

Question 26

PROCESS

Answer 26

= projection (variable in size + shape)

Question 27

SPINE

Answer 27

= particularly elongated process (projection)

Question 28

TUBEROSITY / TUBERCULE

Answer 28

= localised round bumps on bone surface

Question 29

CREST

Answer 29

= wide, elongated elevation

Question 30

LINE

Answer 30

= elongated elevation (not wide enough to be a crest)

Question 31

FORAMEN

Answer 31

= hole in a bone

Question 32

CANAL

Answer 32

= considerably long foramen (hole)

Question 33

LAMINA

Answer 33

= thin plate of bone

Question 34

SQUAMA

Answer 34

= large lamina (thin plate of bone)