Anatomy of respiratory system (NOSE)

Question 1

Nasal root

Answer 1

= continuous with forehead

Question 2

Nose apex

Answer 2

Apex = rounded ‘tip’ of nose

Question 3

Dorsum

Answer 3

Dorsum = between root + apex

Question 4

Nares

Answer 4

Nares = inferior to apex
Bound medially by nasal septum
Bound laterally to ala nasi (lateral cartilaginous wings of nose

Question 5

boney component (nose) (location, skin type + contributions)

Answer 5

Boney component = located superiorly 
Skin = thin 
Comprised of contributions from
Nasal bones 
Maxillae 
Frontal bone

Question 6

cartilaginous component (nose) (location, skin type + contributions)

Answer 6

Cartilaginous component = located inferiorly

Skin = thicker with many sebaceous glands (extends into vestibule of nose via nares)

Comprised of: 
2 lateral cartilages 
2 alar cartilages 
1 septal cartilage 
\+ some smaller alar

Question 7

Paranasal sinuses (4)

Answer 7

Maxillary
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

Question 8

What lines paranasal sinuses?

Answer 8

Sinus lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium + mucus secreting goblet cells

Question 9

Functions of sinuses?

Answer 9

Lightening weight of head
Supporting immune defences
Humidifying inspired air
Increasing resonance of voice

Question 10

Where do sinuses all drain?

Answer 10

Back into nasal cavity

Question 11

Frontal sinus (drainage, sensation, arterial supply)

Answer 11

Drainage via Frontonasal Duct
Opens into hiatus semilunaris

Sensation = by supraorbital nerve
(branch of of ophthalmic nerve)

Arterial supply = via anterior ethmoidal artery
(branch of internal carotid)

Question 12

Sphenoid sinuses (drainage, sensation, arterial supply)

Answer 12

Open out into SPHENO-ETHMOID RECESS

Innervated by posterior ethmoid nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerves + branches of maxillary nerve)

Blood supply = pharyngeal branches of maxillary arteries

Question 13

What are the ethmoid sinuses + where do they drain (3)

Answer 13

Anterior = opens into hiatus semilunis (middle meatus)
Middle = openis onto lateral walls of middle meatus 
Posterior = opens onto lateral walls of superior meatus

Question 14

Innervation + blood supply to ethmoid sinuses

Answer 14

Innervated by anterior + posterior ethmoidal branches (of nasociliary nerve + maxillary nerve)

Blood supply = anterior + posterior ethmoid arteries

Question 15

Nasal Cavity Functions (4)

Answer 15

Warms + humidifies inspired air
Removes trapped pathogens + particles from inspired air
Sense of smell
Drains + cleans paranasal sinuses + lacrimal ducts

Question 16

Divisons of nasal cavity (3)

Answer 16

Vestibule

Respiratory Region

Olfactory Region

Question 17

Nasal cavity vestibule

Answer 17

Vestibule = Area surrounding anterior exterior opening to nasal cavity

Question 18

Nasal cavity Respiratory region

Answer 18

Respiratory Region = Lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium + mucus secreting goblet cells

Question 19

Nasal cavity olfactory region

Answer 19

Olfactory Region = apex of nasal cavity (lined by olfactory cells + receptors)

Question 20

Nasal conchae

Answer 20

Projecting out of lateral walls (curved shelves of bone)
3 conchae (inferior, middle, superior)

Question 21

What do nasal conchae do?

Answer 21

= creates 4 pathways (meatus) for air to flow

Question 22

4 nasal types of meatus (+ which concha form them)

Answer 22

Inf meatus = inf concha → floor of nasal cavity

Middle meatus = inf → middle concha

Sup meatus = middle → sup concha

Spheno-ethmoidal recess = superior + posterior to sup concha

Question 23

Function of concha

Answer 23

concha INCREASE surface area of cavity
(So increases amount of inspired air in contact with walls)
Disrupt fast laminar flow of air (makes it slow + turbulent)
Air spends longer in nasal cavity = so it can be humidified

Question 24

Where do (Frontal, maxillary + anterior ethmoid) sinuses drain ?
What is it marked by?

Answer 24

= all drain into middle meatus

marked by semilunar hiatus

Question 25

Semilunar hiatus?

Answer 25

= crescent shaped groove above lateral walls of nasal cavity

Question 26

Where does middle ethmoidal sinus empty?

Answer 26

Middle Ethmoidal sinus = empty into Ethmoidal Bulla

Question 27

Ethmoidal bulla?

Answer 27

(bulge in lateral wall formed by middle ethmoid sinus itself)

Question 28

Where do posterior ethmoidal sinuses empty?

Answer 28

= open out at superior meatus

Question 29

Cribiform plate?

bone? portion? function?

Answer 29

Part of ethmoid bone
Form portion of roof of nasal cavity
Very small perforations
Allows fibres of olfactory nerve to enter / exit

Question 30

Sphenopalatine foramen

Answer 30

Allows communication between nasal cavity + pterygopalatine fossa
Sphenopalatine artery, nasopalatine nerve + superior nasal nerve pass through foramen

Question 31

Incisive cana =

Answer 31

pathway between nasal cavity + increase fossa of oral cavity

Question 32

Incisive fossa of oral cavity =

Answer 32

transmits nasopalatine nerve + greater palatine artery

Question 33

Nasal cavity arterial supply?

Answer 33

Nose receives blood from internal + external carotid arteries

Question 34

Nasal cavity SPECIAL innervation

Answer 34

Special Sensory:

Ability to smell
Carried out by olfactory nerves
Olfactory bulb (part of brain) = lies on superior surface of cribriform plate (above nasal cavity)
Branches of olfactory nerve = run through cribiform plate

Question 35

Nasal Cavity GENERAL innervation

Answer 35

General Sensory:

Innervation to septum + lateral walls
Delivered by nasopalatine nerve (branch of maxillary) + nasociliary nerve (ophthalmic nerve)
Innervation to external skin = trigeminal nerve