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Spinal anatomy > Unit One Test > Flashcards

Unit One Test Flashcards

1
Q

the vertebrae are made up of how many types of bones

A

2

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2
Q

what are the two types of bone the vertebrae is made up of

A

cortex and canellous bone

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3
Q

the cortex is located where

A

outer layer

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4
Q

the cortex is made up of

A

hard compact bone

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5
Q

below the age of 40, the cortex supports what percentage of axial compressive load placed on it

A

45%

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6
Q

after the ago of 40, the cortex supports what percentage of the axial compressive load placed on it

A

65%

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7
Q

the cortex is surrounded by what

A

the periostium

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8
Q

the periostium is made up of

A

highly innervated by nerve ending and blood vessels and veins

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9
Q

the cancellous bone is located where

A

inner part of bone

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10
Q

the cancellous bone is what type of texture

A

soft and spongey

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11
Q

the cancellous bone is made up of

A

trabeculae

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12
Q

what is trabeculae

A

little compartments in the cancellous bone

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13
Q

how does trabeculae pattern develop

A

they develop along the lines of greatest stress to give more strength and support to the bone

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14
Q

the cortex of the bone is also known as

A

the cortical layer

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15
Q

prior to the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports what percentage of the compressive load

A

55%

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16
Q

after the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports what percentage of the compressive load

A

35%

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17
Q

bone density usually increases during what stage

A

puberty

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18
Q

what percentage does bone density diminishes during ages 20 to 80

A

35 to 40%

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19
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

a decrease in bone density below what is considered normal

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20
Q

what can occur to patients with osteoporosis with mild pressure

A

vertebral fractures

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21
Q

osteoporosis is usually associated with

A

aging and menopause, decrease hormones and lack of use of that bone or joint

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22
Q

osteoporosis may be generalized or

A

localized

23
Q

what percentage of bone mineral change needs to be to become radiographically visible

A

30 to 40%

24
Q

what percentage of bone mineral change is considered clinically significant

A

50%

25
Q

what is radiolucent

A

can see through, black

26
Q

what is radiopaque

A

stops X-rays, not seen through, more white

27
Q

the IVF contain what

A

two movable vertebrae and two movable joints

28
Q

what are the two movable joints in the IVF

A

Z-joints and anterior interbody joint

29
Q

what forms the Z joints and anterior interbody joint

A

vertebral bodies and disc

30
Q

roof of IVF

A

formed by the inferior pedicle notch of the vertebra above

31
Q

floor of IVF

A

formed by the superior pedicle notch of the vertebra below

32
Q

posterior wall of IVF

A

formed by the articular process

33
Q

anterior wall of IVF in C and L spine

A

formed by the posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body above and below and the disc between them

34
Q

anterior wall o IVF in T spine

A

formed by the posterior lateral margin of the vertebral body above and the disc only

35
Q

purpose of IVF

A

spinal nerve roots leave the spinal cord

36
Q

the smallest IVFs are located where

A

C spine

37
Q

largest IVF’s are located where

A

L spine

38
Q

where are there no boney IVF’s in the spine

A

occiput, C1 or C2

39
Q

where are boney IVFs located

A

between the adjacent vertebrae from C2 to sacrum

40
Q

upon flexion what happens to IVF

A

both of the IVF’s open

41
Q

upon contralateral lateral flexion, what happens to IVF

A

one opens

42
Q

upon ipsilateral lateral flexion, what happens to IVF

A

one closes

43
Q

what happens to IVF on extension

A

both close

44
Q

what happens to IVF on rotation

A

closes

45
Q

contents of the IVF in the C spine

A

1/3 to 1/4 of the diameter is the spinal nerve, veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels and fat

46
Q

contents of the IVF in the L spine

A

1/5 to 1/6 of the diameter is the spinal nerve, then veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels and fat

47
Q

in all regions, the spinal nerve occupies what amount of the IVF

A

1/3

48
Q

the intervertebral motor unit is also known as

A

functional motor unit, physiological motor unit, vertebral motor unit

49
Q

definition of the intervertebral motor unit

A

2 adjacent vertebrae and their contiguous structures that includes all the muscles, ligaments, nerves, etc that both vertebrae share

50
Q

flexion of vertebrae what

A

opens up IVF

51
Q

flexion of the spine

A

decreases cervical/lumbar lordosis, increases thoracic kyphosis

52
Q

extensions of vertebrae

A

closes IVF

53
Q

extension of the spine

A

increases cervical/lumbar lordosis, decreases thoracic kyphosis

54
Q

what ligament lines the articular facets

A

ligamentum flavum

Spinal anatomy (18 decks)

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