Unit One Test Flashcards
the vertebrae are made up of how many types of bones
2
what are the two types of bone the vertebrae is made up of
cortex and canellous bone
the cortex is located where
outer layer
the cortex is made up of
hard compact bone
below the age of 40, the cortex supports what percentage of axial compressive load placed on it
45%
after the ago of 40, the cortex supports what percentage of the axial compressive load placed on it
65%
the cortex is surrounded by what
the periostium
the periostium is made up of
highly innervated by nerve ending and blood vessels and veins
the cancellous bone is located where
inner part of bone
the cancellous bone is what type of texture
soft and spongey
the cancellous bone is made up of
trabeculae
what is trabeculae
little compartments in the cancellous bone
how does trabeculae pattern develop
they develop along the lines of greatest stress to give more strength and support to the bone
the cortex of the bone is also known as
the cortical layer
prior to the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports what percentage of the compressive load
55%
after the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports what percentage of the compressive load
35%
bone density usually increases during what stage
puberty
what percentage does bone density diminishes during ages 20 to 80
35 to 40%
what is osteoporosis
a decrease in bone density below what is considered normal
what can occur to patients with osteoporosis with mild pressure
vertebral fractures
osteoporosis is usually associated with
aging and menopause, decrease hormones and lack of use of that bone or joint
osteoporosis may be generalized or
localized
what percentage of bone mineral change needs to be to become radiographically visible
30 to 40%
what percentage of bone mineral change is considered clinically significant
50%
what is radiolucent
can see through, black
what is radiopaque
stops X-rays, not seen through, more white
the IVF contain what
two movable vertebrae and two movable joints
what are the two movable joints in the IVF
Z-joints and anterior interbody joint
what forms the Z joints and anterior interbody joint
vertebral bodies and disc
roof of IVF
formed by the inferior pedicle notch of the vertebra above
floor of IVF
formed by the superior pedicle notch of the vertebra below
posterior wall of IVF
formed by the articular process
anterior wall of IVF in C and L spine
formed by the posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body above and below and the disc between them
anterior wall o IVF in T spine
formed by the posterior lateral margin of the vertebral body above and the disc only
purpose of IVF
spinal nerve roots leave the spinal cord
the smallest IVFs are located where
C spine
largest IVF’s are located where
L spine
where are there no boney IVF’s in the spine
occiput, C1 or C2
where are boney IVFs located
between the adjacent vertebrae from C2 to sacrum
upon flexion what happens to IVF
both of the IVF’s open
upon contralateral lateral flexion, what happens to IVF
one opens
upon ipsilateral lateral flexion, what happens to IVF
one closes
what happens to IVF on extension
both close
what happens to IVF on rotation
closes
contents of the IVF in the C spine
1/3 to 1/4 of the diameter is the spinal nerve, veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels and fat
contents of the IVF in the L spine
1/5 to 1/6 of the diameter is the spinal nerve, then veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels and fat
in all regions, the spinal nerve occupies what amount of the IVF
1/3
the intervertebral motor unit is also known as
functional motor unit, physiological motor unit, vertebral motor unit
definition of the intervertebral motor unit
2 adjacent vertebrae and their contiguous structures that includes all the muscles, ligaments, nerves, etc that both vertebrae share
flexion of vertebrae what
opens up IVF
flexion of the spine
decreases cervical/lumbar lordosis, increases thoracic kyphosis
extensions of vertebrae
closes IVF
extension of the spine
increases cervical/lumbar lordosis, decreases thoracic kyphosis
what ligament lines the articular facets
ligamentum flavum
