Curves Unit 2 test Flashcards
X-rays are like what of photographs
negatives
patient is placed between what during an Xray
camera (x-ray tube) and film (x-ray film )
what is radiopaque
the whiter the part of the x-ray, thicker or denser the structure
what is radiolucent
darker the part of the object, less dense
what are the five densities seen on an x ray
air, fat, water, bone, metal
what object is the most radiolucent
air
what object is the most radiopaque
metal
what are the different X-ray views
A to p, P to A, lateral, or oblique
a curve is
a normal anterior to posterior bending of the spinal column
curves add 10 times the
resistance to the axial compressive loads placed on the spine than a straight spine
what are the curves in the foot
longitudinal and transverse
pronation of foot
foot turn out
supination of foot
turn in
pronation or supination of the foot affects what else
knees, hips and spine
the names of the spinal curves were given by who
Galen, prince of physicians in 2nd century
what are the two types of curves in the spine
anterior and posterior
what is an anterior curve of the spine
apexes or has the convexity toward the anterior, concavity towards the back
the anterior curve AKA
lordotic
lordotic is primary or secondary
secondary
where is the lordotic curve
cervical and lumbar
lordotic is compensatory or accommodative curves
compensatory
what is the posterior curve of the spine
apexes or has the convexity towards the posterior
posterior curve AKA
kyphotic
kyphotic is primary or secondary
primary
kyphotic is compensatory or accommodative
accommodative
where would you see a kyphotic curve
thoracic, sacrum, coccyx
the adult posture develops as a result of
adaptations of the musculoskeletal system to the stresses placed upon it
at birth, the body has one what type of curve
posterior c shaped, kyphotic
when do secondary curves begin to develop
as child begins to move its body against gravity
which develops first, cervical or lumbar curve with the spine
cervical
when does the first anterior curve begins to develop
three to four days
what age does the cervical curve is basically developed
three to four months or when child is able to hold its head upright
function of secondary curves
bring the center of gravity to a vertical line, which allows the body’s weight to be balanced on the vertebral column in a way that expends the least amount of muscular energy to maintain an upright bipedal stance
the first secondary curve that begins at day 3 or 4 extends from
tip of the odontoid process of C-2 to the base of T2
the second secondary curve begins when
6 to 9 months
the second secondary curve extends from
T12 to L5
when is the second secondary curve full formed
10 to 18 months
the first secondary curve is between what degrees
35 to 45 degrees
the apex of the first secondary curve should be at
disc space of C4 and C5
hypolordotic is
curve is less than 35
hyperlordoctic is
more than 45
what is the normal curve degrees of the second secondary curve
50 to 60 degrees
how is the second secondary curved measured
top of L1 to top of the sacrum
what age does the lumbar vertebrae grow two time faster than the rest of the spine
2 to 16 yo
where is the apex of the kyphotic curve
between T6 and T7 motor unit
what is the normal curve degree of the kyphotic curve
20 and 40 degrees, avg 30
looking from behind the patient or from the side you should see
concavity, convexity, concavity, convexity
the sacrococcygeal curve is also primary and starts and ends where
starts from the top of the sacrum to the tip of the coccyx
curvatures are
adaptive bendings of the spine
curvatures usually involve
three or more segments
what are the three pathological curvatures of the back
kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis
kyphosis is
an exaggerated thoracic curvature
how does kyphosis occur
aging, disease process or in adolescent boys who engage in heavy spine loading such as weight lifting
what is lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curvature
how does lordosis occur
same as kyphosis as well as added weight in the front or pregnancy
what is ankylosing spondylitis
progressive spinal flexion deformities, chin on chest
