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Spinal anatomy > Embryology Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Embryology Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm takes place where

A

Distal 1/3 rd of Fallopian tubes (ampulla)

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2
Q

What occurs while the fertilized egg is traveling down the uterine tube

A

Divides by 2^n

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3
Q

How long does it take for the fertilized egg to reach the uterus

A

7 to 8 days, one week

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4
Q

During fertilization, the sperm penetrates what

A

The mature ovum

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5
Q

The sperm and egg fuse to form what

A

The zygote

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6
Q

How many chromosomes in the egg

A

23

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7
Q

How many chromosomes in sperm

A

23

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in zygote

A

46

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9
Q

What does the egg release when in the uterus to help penetrate the endometrial lining

A

Proteolytic enzyme

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10
Q

When does the embryo begin to develop

A

After penetrating the endometrium of the uterus and the hole closes up

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11
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy

A

When the embryo develops outside of the uterus

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12
Q

What are the first two main structures to begin developing in embryo

A

Spine (nervous system) and heart (vascular system)

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13
Q

What is the germ disc

A

The round egg in the endometrial layer that flattens out

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14
Q

What is the neural streak

A

The ectodermal floor of the amniotic cavity thickens and the center of the midline creases

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15
Q

What is the neural groove

A

The neural streak invaginates (folds in)

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16
Q

What is the beginning of the overall nervous system in the embryo

A

Neural groove

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17
Q

What is the mesoderm

A

Middle embryonic layer of tissue

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18
Q

The mesoderm surrounds what

A

The amniotic cavity

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19
Q

Where does the mesoderm come together

A

Under or anterior to the neuroectoderm tissue

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20
Q

The mesoderm becomes what

A

The cephalad (head) portion of the embryo

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21
Q

Another name for the cephalad head formed by mesoderm

A

Primitive node or hensen’s node

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22
Q

Function of notochord

A

Form the guid for further spinal development

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23
Q

How does the notochord form

A

From hensen’s node, cells migrate or elongate to the causal forming the notochord

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24
Q

Other name for notochord

A

Chorda dorsalis

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25
Q

When does the spine form in the embryo

A

2nd embryonic week between the 10th and 14th day

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26
Q

What mesodermal cells line up on either side of the notochord as spine forms

A

Somites

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27
Q

How many pairs of somite pairs of notochord

A

42 to 44

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28
Q

The somites eventually become what

A

Vertebral bodies

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29
Q

The first four pairs of somites become

A

The occipital

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30
Q

The 7 pair become what

A

Cervical vertebrae

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31
Q

12 pair will become

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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32
Q

5 pair will become the

A

Sacral segments

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33
Q

8 to 9 pair will become

A

Coccygeal segments

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34
Q

Any remaining pairs of somites will become

A

Absorbed or disappear

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35
Q

The neural crest cells will into what

A

The posterior dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerves, ganglia of the cranial nerves, cranial nerves, ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, adrenal medulla, meninges of the spinal cord and brain, meisner’s and auerbauch’s plexus.

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36
Q

What happens to the somites of the third embryonic week

A

Somites will split in their center at an area called the fissure of von bender

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37
Q

What happens to the superior half of the somites

A

Move cephalad and unite with the inferior half of the somite migrating caudad

38
Q

What will happen to the inferior half of the somite

A

Will move caudad and unite with the superior half of the somite below the migrating cephalad

39
Q

What is the sclerotome

A

The superior portion of one half somite fused with and the inferior portion of one half of another somite

40
Q

Myotomes are

A

Somites for muscles

41
Q

Dermatomes are what

A

Somites for skin

42
Q

What is a mesenchyme

A

Rest of connective tissue

43
Q

During the 4th embryonic week, what happens to the sclerotomes

A

Change into cartilage

44
Q

After the sclerotomes change into cartilage, the cartilage surrounds what

A

The notochord

45
Q

After the cartilage surrounds the notochord during the 4th embryonic week, what happens

A

Squeezes the notochord causing it to push superiorly and inferiorly

46
Q

The squeezed notochord will bunch up between the cartilage and will become what

A

Part of the nucleleus pulposis of the intervertebral disc

47
Q

What are the three stages of vertebral development

A

Mesenchymal stage, chondrification, ossification

48
Q

What is the alternative name of mesenchymal stage

A

Primordial or primordium stage

49
Q

What occurs during the mesenchymal stage

A

Beginning of vertebral development, somites form and sclerotomes develop

50
Q

When does the mesenchymal stage occur

A

Last from the second to third embryonic week

51
Q

When does the chondrification stage occur

A

Begins the fourth embryonic week

52
Q

Where does chondrification stage occur

A

Begins overall in the cervicothoracic region then proceeds upward and downward

53
Q

Chondrification begins in what number of ares of the vertebra

A

4

54
Q

What are the four areas of the vertebra the chondrification occurs

A

1 in each half of the vertebral arch (pedicolaminal junction)
1 in each Half of the vertebral body, on each side of notochord

55
Q

What occurs during the 6th embryonic week in the chondrification stage

A

2 more centers will develop at what will be the TVP area

56
Q

what is stage three of the vertebral development

A

ossification (bone forming)

57
Q

when does the ossification stage begin

A

7th and 9th embryonic week

58
Q

ossification of the vertebral bodies begins where

A

the thoracolumbar areas of the spine and proceed upwards and downwards

59
Q

ossification of the vertebral arches begins where

A

at the cervicothoracic regions of the spine and proceeds upward and downward

60
Q

what are the two types of ossification

A

primary and secondary

61
Q

what is primary ossification

A

begins prior to birth but may not complete till after birth

62
Q

what is secondary ossification

A

begins after birth

63
Q

when does secondary ossification usually occur

A

between ages 12 - 20

64
Q

how many primary ossification centers in the atlas (C1)

A

three

65
Q

what are the three primary ossification centers in C1

A

one in each lateral mass (2), one in the anterior arch

66
Q

the axis is also known as

A

C2 or epistropheus

67
Q

how many primary ossification centers in C2

A

5

68
Q

how many secondary ossification centers in C2

A

2

69
Q

Where are the primary ossification centers in C2

A

1 in each half of the vertebral arch (2), 1 in center of vertebral body, 2 at the base of the odontoid process

70
Q

when does the secondary ossification centers in C2 begin and end

A

age 2 to 12

71
Q

where are the secondary ossification centers in C2

A

one located in the apex of the odontoid process, one located at the bottom of the anterior portion of the body called the anterior inferior lip

72
Q

what is persistant epiphysis

A

any failure of fusion of an ossification center, either primary or secondary

73
Q

what is os odontoidium

A

failure of fusion of the primary center of ossification in which the odontoid process fails to fuse with the body of the axis

74
Q

what is os terminale

A

failure of fusion of the secondary center of ossification in which the tip (apex) of the odontoid fails to fuse with the rest of the odontoid (dens) process

75
Q

how many total ossification centers in C3 through T12

A

8 in each vertebrae

76
Q

how many primary ossification centers in C3 through T12

A

3

77
Q

what are the primary ossification centers in C3 through T12

A

one in center of each vertebra, one in each half of the posterior arch

78
Q

how many secondary ossification centers in C3 through T12

A

5

79
Q

what are the secondary ossification centers in C3 through T12

A

one in each epiphyseal plate (2), one in tip of each transverse process (2), one in tip of spinous process

80
Q

how many total ossification centers in the lumbar region

A

10

81
Q

how many primary ossification centers in lumbar

A

5

82
Q

what are the primary ossification centers in lumbar

A

one in center of vertebral body, one in each half of vertebral arch, one in each mamillary process

83
Q

how many secondary ossification centers in the lumbar

A

5

84
Q

what are the secondary ossification centers in the lumbar

A

one in each epiphyseal plate, one in each transverse process, one in tip of SP

85
Q

how many total centers of ossification in sacrum

A

49

86
Q

how many primary ossification centers in sacrum

A

37

87
Q

how many secondary ossification centers in sacrum

A

12

88
Q

how many total ossification centers in coccyx

A

4

89
Q

how many primary ossification centers in coccyx

A

4

90
Q

how many secondary ossification centers in coccyx

A

zero

91
Q

when do the primary ossification centers in the coccyx develop

A

develop one every 5 years and will be fused between ages 25 to 30

Spinal anatomy (18 decks)

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