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Spinal anatomy > Unit Four Exam > Flashcards

Unit Four Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous tissue consists of

A

Cell body, dendrites and axons

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2
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Senses stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one part to another

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3
Q

What signals are transmitted in nervous tissue

A

Nerve impulses

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4
Q

The fundamental functional unit of the nervous system is the

A

Neuron

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5
Q

Another name for cell body

A

Soma, perikarion

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6
Q

Majority of the axons are enveloped in coverings called

A

Myelin or neurilemma

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7
Q

Myelin is

A

A single layer of phospholipids

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8
Q

Neurilemma is

A

Multilayered myelin sheaths for larger axons

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9
Q

What is a synapse

A

One nerve axons comes together with the dendrite of another nerve

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10
Q

What is monosynapses

A

Only two nerves involved

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11
Q

What are polysynapses

A

More than two nerves are involved

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12
Q

What are afferent nerves

A

Conduct nerve impulses from periphery to the CNS

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13
Q

What are efferent nerves

A

Conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to the periphery

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14
Q

Interneurons AKA

A

Association neurons

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15
Q

What are interneurons

A

Nerves that form a network of interconnecting neurons that connect the afferent nerves to the efferent nerves

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16
Q

Where are interneurons

A

Inside the spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the two types of nervous systems

A

CNS and PNS

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18
Q

What part of the CNS is a direct continuation of the brain

A

Encephalon

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19
Q

The spinal cord is called

A

Medulla spinalis

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20
Q

Spinal cord begins at

A

Foramen magnum

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21
Q

Spinal cord ends at

A

Conus medularis

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22
Q

Where in the adults spine does the conus medullaris occur

A

L1/L2

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23
Q

Where in Childrens spine does the conus medullaris occur

A

L3/L4

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24
Q

What are the two major enlargements of the spinal cord

A

Cervical and lumbar

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25
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement

A

C4-T1

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26
Q

What gives rise to the brachial plexus

A

Cervical enlargement

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27
Q

Where is the largest circumference of the cervical enlargement

A

C5/C6

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28
Q

Where is the lumbar enlargement

A

T9/L2

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29
Q

What gives rise to the sacral plexus and cauda equina

A

Lumbar enlargement

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30
Q

Where is the largest circumference of the lumbar enlargement

A

T12

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31
Q

What is larger lumbar or cervical

A

Cervical

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32
Q

What are ganglion

A

Nerve cells bodies located outside the CNS

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33
Q

What are dorsal root ganglion

A

Located inside the IVF

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34
Q

Where does the Nerve C1 arise from

A

Between occiput and atlas

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35
Q

C8 nerve arises from

A

Between C7 and T1

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36
Q

Where do the nerves arise from

A

Below the respective vertebrae

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37
Q

Function of meninges

A

Protect and stabilize the CNS

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38
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges

A

Duramater, arachnoid, piamater

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39
Q

Inner most meninges

A

Pita mater

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40
Q

Aka of Pia

A

Tender mother

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41
Q

Describe pia mater

A

Thin and delicate

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42
Q

What is the inner part of pia mater

A

Pia-glia or pia intima

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43
Q

Describe pia glia

A

Avascular and adherens to the spinal cord

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44
Q

What is the outer part of pia mater

A

Epi pia

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45
Q

What layers surround the spinal cord and spinal nerves to IVF

A

Inner and outer part of pia mater

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46
Q

Epi pia description

A

Contains blood vessels

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47
Q

When Epi Pia attaches to dura matter as

A

Dentiuclate (dentate) ligaments

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48
Q

What is the space between pia and arachnoid mater

A

Subarachnoid space

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49
Q

What is in subarachnoid space

A

CSF

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50
Q

Describe arachnoid

A

Totally avascular

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51
Q

Arachnoid continues to

A

S2

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52
Q

What is leptomeninges

A

Both pia and arachnoid mater together

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53
Q

Subdural space contains

A

Interstitial fluid

54
Q

Aka of dura mater

A

Theca or pachymenix

55
Q

Dura mater continues to

A

S2

56
Q

Dura mater attaches to the

A

Foramen magnum, posterior aspect of vertebral body of C2 and C3

57
Q

Dura mater attaches to PLL by means of

A

Hofmanns ligaments

58
Q

Epidural space contains

A

Fat, loose CT, extensive epidural venous plexus (batsons plexus)

59
Q

Where does the epidural anesthesia get placed

A

Epidural space

60
Q

Function of dentiuclate ligament

A

Stabilizes meninges so they do not fold upon one another

61
Q

What is the film terminale

A

Helps anchor the spinal cord in place

62
Q

AKA of filum terminale

A

Central ligament of spinal cord, coccygeal ligament

63
Q

Where is the filum terminale

A

Extends from conus medullaris to 1st coccygeal segment

64
Q

Filum terminale is made up of

A

All meninges layers until S2 then only pia mater to coccyx

65
Q

Where do cell bodies and synapses occur

A

Gray matter

66
Q

Cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons are found in the

A

Gray matter

67
Q

The synapses between sensory and motor and interneurons occurs in the

A

Gray matter

68
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions involves the

A

CNS

69
Q

Hyper reflexia is

A

Spastic paralysis- inability to move an extremity due to spastic muscles and increased deep tendon reflexes

70
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions involve the

A

PNS

71
Q

Hypo reflexia or a reflexia is

A

Flaccid paralysis- loss of muscle tone and absences of tendon reflexes

72
Q

How many pairs of PNS spinal nerves

A

31

73
Q

PNS pairs contain both

A

Sensory and motor nerves

74
Q

How many pairs of PNS exit through bony foramen

A

29

75
Q

Each spinal nerve is formed by the convergence of

A

Dorsal root and ventral root within the IVF

76
Q

Out of IVF, spinal nerve divides into

A

Dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

77
Q

What is the posterior primary division

A

Dorsal ramus

78
Q

What is the anterior primary division

A

Ventral ramus

79
Q

Spinal nerves are named based on

A

Cord level of their origin

80
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves

A

8

81
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves

A

12

82
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves

A

5

83
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves

A

5

84
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves

A

1

85
Q

Dorsal ramus innervates

A

Skin and deep muscles of the back and neck

86
Q

Ventral ramus innervates

A

Ventrolateral aspect of the trunk and the extremities

87
Q

Dorsal roots are what type of fibers

A

Afferent fibers (sensory)

88
Q

Ventral roots are what type of fibers

A

Efferent (motor)

89
Q

Cervical spinal nerves exit above or below their vertebrae

A

Above

90
Q

Do the thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves exit above or below their vertebrae

A

Below

91
Q

What is a plexus

A

A group of nerves that come together as one

92
Q

What are the three major plexus in the spine

A

Cervical, brachial and lumbosacral

93
Q

What forms the cervical plexus

A

Ventral rami of C1 through C4

94
Q

The cervical plexus supplies

A

Cutaneous innervation to the dorsolateral part of head, neck, shoulders, deep cervical muscles, SCM, trapezius via ANSA cervicalis

95
Q

Brachial plexus is formed by

A

Ventral rami of C5 to T1

96
Q

Brachial plexus supplies

A

Upper extremities

97
Q

Roots are off of

A

Spinal nerves

98
Q

Trunks divided into

A

Upper, middle and lower

99
Q

Divisions divide into

A

Anterior and posterior

100
Q

brachial plexus Cords are named for their

A

Position in relation to the axillary artery, lateral posterior and medial

101
Q

What is the name of a sympathetic trunk

A

Ascending sympathetic trunk

102
Q

Ascending sympathetic trunk supplied by nerves from

A

Cervical nerve roots all the way to T6

103
Q

Ascending sympathetic trunk has how many cervical ganglions

A

3

104
Q

What are the three cervical ganglion of ascending sympathetic trunk

A

Inferior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, and superior cervical ganglion

105
Q

Aka of inferior cervical ganglion

A

Stellate ganglion

106
Q

Inferior cervical ganglion located where

A

C7/T1

107
Q

Middle cervical ganglion located at

A

C5/C6

108
Q

Superior cervical ganglion located where

A

C2/C3

109
Q

Where is ganglion of impar

A

Anterior to the sacro-coccygeal region

110
Q

What is the most caudal ganglion of the sympathetic trunk

A

Ganglion impar

111
Q

Brachial plexus contains

A

R, T, D, C, B

112
Q

Lumbar plexus formed by

A

Ventral rami of L1 to L4

113
Q

Lumbar plexus contains

A

Roots, Divisions and branches

114
Q

Lumbar plexus supplies the

A

Lower extremities

115
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve located

A

L2/L3

116
Q

Sacral plexus located where

A

L4-S5

117
Q

Sciatic nerve located where

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

118
Q

Sciatic nerve made up of

A

Common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve

119
Q

What of lumbar plexus form the femoral nerve

A

Posterior (dorsal) branches, L2-L4

120
Q

What of the lumbar plexus forms the obturator nerve

A

Anterior (ventral) branches, L2-L4

121
Q

Sacral plexus arises from

A

Anterior branches of L4, L5 and S1-S3

122
Q

What of sacral plexus forms the tibial nerve

A

Anterior (ventral) branches of L4-S3

123
Q

What of sacral plexus form common peroneal nerve

A

Posterior (dorsal) branch of L4-S2

124
Q

Meralgia paresthetica involves what nerves

A

L2-L3 nerves

125
Q

What is meralgia paresthetica

A

Sensory disturbances in the anterolateral thigh

126
Q

The sacral plexus lies just anterior to what muscle

A

Piriformis muscle

127
Q

Celiac plexus AKA

A

Solar plexus

128
Q

Celiac plexus located where

A

L1 vertebrae

129
Q

Pelvic plexus lies where

A

Anterior to ventral surface of sacrum

130
Q

Pelvic plexus associated with what ganglions

A

4-5

131
Q

Facet degeneration is cause of

A

Disc degeneration

132
Q

Disc degeneration is the cause of

A

Facet degeneration

Spinal anatomy (18 decks)

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