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Spinal anatomy > Joints And Ligaments Unit Three Exam > Flashcards

Joints And Ligaments Unit Three Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Arthrology is

A

Study of joints

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2
Q

Arthr means what

A

Joint

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3
Q

Itis means

A

Inflammation

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4
Q

Osis means

A

Pathological condition of

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5
Q

What are the three classes or types of joints within the spinal column

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

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6
Q

What is the movement of a fibrous joint

A

Immovable

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7
Q

What is a fibrous joint

A

2 bones connected by a connective tissue or hyaline cartilage and a lack of motion

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8
Q

Synarthrosis is similar to

A

Fibrous joint

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9
Q

Movement of cartilaginous joints

A

Slightly movable

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10
Q

Cartilaginous joint AKA

A

Amphiarthrosis

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11
Q

What are cartilaginous joints

A

Formed when two bony surfaces are united by a cartilage or a disc

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12
Q

Movement of synovial joints

A

Freely movable

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13
Q

Aka of synovial joints

A

Diarthrosis

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14
Q

What are synovial joints

A

Articular surface covered with articular cartilage and connected by ligaments lined by a synovial membrane

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15
Q

What are the most typical joints in the spine and body

A

Synovial

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16
Q

What is the subclassification of the fibrous joint in the spine

A

Syndesmodial joint

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17
Q

What is a syndesmoidal joint

A

Formed when two bones are united by an interosseousligament

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18
Q

What are the two subclassifications of a cartilaginous joint

A

Synchondrosis and symphysis

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19
Q

What is a synchondrosis joint

A

A temporary joint where the cartilage later changes into bone itself

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20
Q

What is a symphysis joint

A

Two bony surfaces connected by a disc or fibrocartilage

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21
Q

What are the three subclassifications of a synovial joint

A

Trochoid, condyloid and arthrodial joint

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22
Q

Aka of trochoid joint

A

Pivot joint

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23
Q

What is a trochoid joint

A

Allows for rotation in one plane of motion

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24
Q

What is a condyloid joint

A

Allows for flexion and extension

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25
Q

AKA of arthrodial joint

A

Gliding, articulatio plana joint

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26
Q

What is an arthrodial joint

A

Allows for gliding motion

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27
Q

The Atlanto-occipital joint is what type of joint

A

Synovial, condyloid

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28
Q

The atlanto-axial joint is what type of joint

A

Synovial arthrodial and synovial trochoid

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29
Q

What type of joint is between the vertebral bodies C2 and S1

A

Cartilaginous symphysis

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30
Q

What type of joint is between zagapophyseal joints between C2 and S1

A

Synovial arthrodial, gliding, articulation plan

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31
Q

What type of joint is at the intersacral articulations

A

Cartilaginous synchondrosis (temporary)

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32
Q

What type of joint is at the sacro-coccygeal articulations

A

Cartilaginous symphysis (fibrocartilage) and fibrous syndesmodial (united by interosseous ligaments)

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33
Q

What type of joint is at intercoccygeal articulations

A

Cartilaginous synchondrosis

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34
Q

Common (cardinal) ligaments of the spine are grouped into how many groups

A

Three

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35
Q

Group one of the common (cardinal) ligaments of the spine are

A

Ligaments attached to the vertebral bodies

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36
Q

Group 2 of the common cardinal ligaments of the spine are

A

Ligaments attached to the spinous processes

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37
Q

Group three of the common cardinal ligaments of the spine

A

Ligaments attached to the lamina, articular process, transverse process

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38
Q

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Covers anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and disc fro C2 to sacrum

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39
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament is broader over

A

Vertebral bodies than disc

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40
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament has three layers called

A

Deep, middle and superficial

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41
Q

Where is the most narrow and most wide on the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Most narrow in C spine and widest in L spine

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42
Q

Function of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Limit extension of the spine

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43
Q

Where do the fibers of the anterior longitudinal ligament fibers adhere to

A

Annulus fibrosus

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44
Q

How does the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to the vertebral body

A

Superiorly and inferiorly at the levels of the end plate

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45
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament is continuous with what

A

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

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46
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament superficial fibers span where

A

Several segments

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47
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament deep fibers span

A

One segment

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48
Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament is where

A

Posterior aspect of body of C2 to sacrum

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49
Q

What is the most anterior ligament in spinal canal

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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50
Q

Where is the PLL the widest and narrow

A

Widest c spine and narrow L spine

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51
Q

How many layers in PLL

A

Three

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52
Q

PLL is widest where and narrow on the vertebral body and disc

A

Narrow over vertebral body and wide over disc

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53
Q

Describe appearance of PLL

A

Arm like projection, fan shaped, star shaped

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54
Q

Why is PLL loosely attached to center of vertebral bodies

A

Basivertebral vein

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55
Q

Function of PLL

A

Limits flexion of vertebral bodies

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56
Q

ALL and PLL are called what type of ligaments

A

Intercentral

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57
Q

Which is weaker ALL or PLL

A

PLL

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58
Q

How do the fibers look at the Disc of PLL

A

Fibers extend laterally which help contain herniated disc material

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59
Q

How is PLL attached to vertebra

A

Superior and inferior margins and to the annular fibers of the intervertebral disc

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60
Q

PLL is an INFERIOR continuation of

A

Tectorial membrane

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61
Q

How do the PLL superficial fibers span

A

Several segments

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62
Q

If PLL ossified, where does this occur

A

C region

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63
Q

Why is the intervertebral disc called a ligament

A

Separate vertebral bodies and hold vertebrae bodies together

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64
Q

The intervertebral disc extend between

A

C2/3 through L5/S1

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65
Q

How many total intervertebral disc

A

23

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66
Q

Where are there no intervertebral disc

A

Between occiput and C1 or C1/C2

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67
Q

Intervertebral disc is named or numbered according to

A

Vertebra that sits on top of them

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68
Q

The supraspinous ligament is one continuous ligament from

A

The tip of the spinous process of C7 through S1

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69
Q

How many layers does the supraspinous ligament have

A

Three

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70
Q

Ligamentum nuchae AKA

A

Nuchal ligament

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71
Q

The ligament nuchae is formed by

A

The superior extension of the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

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72
Q

The ligamentum nuchae extends from

A

EOP and superior nuchal line of Occiput to tip of SP of C7

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73
Q

What does the ligamentum nuchae look like

A

Broad, triangular in shape

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74
Q

The ligamentum nuchae attaches to SP of what part of spine

A

All Cervical vertebrae

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75
Q

The interspinous ligament is a series of ligaments that run between

A

The SP of each motor unit from C2/3 to L5/S1

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76
Q

Where is the interspinous ligament poorly developed

A

C spine

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77
Q

The interspinous ligament anteriorly attaches to

A

Ligamentum flavum

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78
Q

Interspinous ligament posteriorly attaches to

A

Supraspinous ligament

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79
Q

The interspinous ligament connects each

A

Adjacent spinous process

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80
Q

In the C spine the interspinous ligament becomes part of the

A

Ligamentum nuchae that extends cranial to insert into occiput

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81
Q

The supraspinous ligament is an inferior continuation of

A

The nuchal ligament

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82
Q

The intertransverse ligaments run between

A

Adjacent transverse processes

83
Q

The ligamentum flavum ligaments connect what

A

The laminae of adjacent vertebrae

84
Q

The cervical region ligaments supraspinous and interspinous ligaments greatly thicken to form

A

The strong ligamentum nuchae

85
Q

A articular capsule is what type of ligament

A

Capsular ligament

86
Q

The articular capsule covers

A

The posterior lateral part of the Z joints

87
Q

What are the three basic parts of the articular capsule

A

The outer, middle and inner layer

88
Q

The outer layer of the articular capsule is made of

A

Dense fibroelastic CT and made up of collagen fibers that is rich in nerve supply but poor in blood supply

89
Q

Since the outer layer of the articular layer is poor in blood supply how is the healing

A

Slow healing and a lot of pain due to increased nerve supply

90
Q

The middle layer of the articular capsule consists of

A

Adipose tissue that is highly vascularized but no nerves

91
Q

The inner layer of the articular capsule consists of

A

Synovial membrane and has synovial fluid (synovium) with haluronic acid

92
Q

The articular capsule is stressed the most in what motion

A

Rotation

93
Q

Facet joints also called

A

Zagapophyseal joints

94
Q

How are facet joints formed

A

Articular processes of adjacent vertebrae with inferior articular process articulates with superior articular processes below

95
Q

Facet joints are what type of joint

A

Synovial gliding

96
Q

Ligamentum flavum is what color

A

Yellow

97
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum

A

From inside lamina above to posterior outside lamina below and extends from C2 to S1

98
Q

Where is ligamentum flavum thickest and thinnest

A

Thinnest in C spine and thickest in lumbar

99
Q

How does the ligamentum flavum cover the z joints

A

In front, on the anterior and medial side of the joints

100
Q

What is the most posterior ligament in the spinal canal

A

Ligamentum flavum

101
Q

The ligamentum flavum is made up of

A

80% elastic fibers and 20% collagen

102
Q

Function of elastic fibers in ligamentum flavum

A

Prevent it from folding up on itself in spinal canal

103
Q

What forms the posterior boundary of the IVF

A

Ligamentum flavum

104
Q

Ligamentum flavum helps to restrict what

A

Hyper flexion

105
Q

How are the elastic fibers oriented in the ligamentum flavum

A

Oriented vertically and extend from the anterior inferior surface of the lamina above to the superior posterior surface of the lamina below

106
Q

The ligamentum flavum is continuous with

A

Posterior Atlanto-occipital membrane

107
Q

Ligamentum flavum supports the anterior aspect of what joint

A

Z joint

108
Q

Intertransverse ligament connects what

A

Adjacent TVPs

109
Q

Where is the intertransverse ligament not well defined

A

In C spine

110
Q

The intertransverse ligament may connect posterior to

A

Articular capsules or anterior to vertebral bodies

111
Q

What is now believed to be an anterior portion of the intertransverse ligament

A

Transforaminal ligament

112
Q

The intertransverse ligament is stressed the most in

A

Contralateral lateral bending or lateral flexion

113
Q

What results in stress on facet joint

A

Narrowing of disc space

114
Q

Facet joints have the most stress in what motion

A

Rotation

115
Q

Facet joints have the highest pressure combined with

A

Extension with compression

116
Q

What are the six ligaments of the Atlanto-occipital articulation

A

2 articular capsules, anterior Atlanto-occipital ligament, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, 2 lateral atlanto-occipital ligaments

117
Q

What is the articular capsules of the C1 and occiput

A

Surrounds the articulation of the condyles and superior articular facet of lateral mass of c1

118
Q

Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament also known as

A

Membrane due to broad size

119
Q

The anterior atlanto-occipital ligament is analogous to

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

120
Q

Aka of posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

Posterior oblique ligament

121
Q

When posterior atlanto-occipital ligament calcifies it is called what

A

Ponticus posticus

122
Q

Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament is analogous to

A

Ligamentum flavum

123
Q

The lateral atlanto-occipital ligaments extend from

A

Jugular process of occiput to lateral mass and TVP of atlas

124
Q

Lateral atlanto-occipital ligaments reinforces what

A

The articular capsule laterally

125
Q

How many total ligaments of the atlanto-axial articulation

A

7

126
Q

What are the three synovial joints in the atlanto-axial articulation

A

2 lateral atlanto-axial joints and 1 median atlanto-axial joint

127
Q

The 2 lateral atlanto-axial joints are

A

Articular capsules

128
Q

Where is the median atlanto-axial joint

A

Between the dens and fovea dentalis

129
Q

Describe the median atlanto-axial joint

A

Weak, loose synovial joint

130
Q

What is the posterior synovial joint that is larger and is between the transverse ligament of the atlas

A

Bursa and is considered 1 joint with 2 synovial capsules

131
Q

What is the plane of ROM of the atlantoaxial joint

A

In the transverse plane of motion

132
Q

Dens of C2 acts as what for the rotation of C1

A

Pivot joint

133
Q

The articulating surfaces of C1 and C2 form the zygapophyseal joints and allow for

A

Flexion/extension, side bending, and rational movements

134
Q

What are the 7 ligaments of C1/C2 articulation

A

2 articular capsules, 2 accessory ligaments, 1 anterior atlantoaxial ligament, 1 posterior atlantoaxial ligament, 1 transverse ligament of the atlas

135
Q

Where are the 2 accessory ligaments of the atlantoaxial articulation

A

Posterior medial aspect of body of C2 just below the dens to the medial aspect of the lateral masses of the atlas

136
Q

Where is the anterior atlantoaxial ligament

A

From anterior to inferior aspect of anterior arch of the atlas to anterior aspect of the vertebral body of axis

137
Q

The anterior atlantoaxial ligament is analogous to

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament

138
Q

Where is the posterior atlantoaxial ligament

A

From inferior aspect of posterior arch of C1 to posterior superior aspect of laminae of C2

139
Q

The posterior atlantoaxial ligament is analogous to

A

Ligamentum flavum

140
Q

Where is the transverse ligament

A

From one median tubercle of lateral mass of atlas to other one

141
Q

Where is the transverse ligament widest

A

At dens

142
Q

Function of transverse ligament

A

Allows for rotation of C1 and holds atlas in place when other ligaments fail

143
Q

What is the most important ligament of the upper cervical complex ( occiput, C1 and C2)

A

Transverse ligament

144
Q

What ligament may be absent in Down syndrome patients

A

Transverse ligament

145
Q

What are the 6 ligaments in the occipitalaxial complex

A

1 membrane tectoria, 2 alar ligaments, 1 apical ligament, 1 cruciate ligament, 1 ligamentum nuchae

146
Q

What type of joint is the occipital axial complex

A

A fibrous syndesmoidial joint with no bony articulations (connected by interossesous ligament)

147
Q

Membrana tectoria AKA

A

Tectorial membrane and occipito-axial ligament

148
Q

Membrana tectoria is a superior extension of

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

149
Q

Where is membrana tectoria

A

Attaches from posterior aspect of body of C2 to anterior rim of foramen magnum

150
Q

Function of membrana tectoria

A

Hold other ligaments in and limits flexion and extension of atlas on the occiput

151
Q

Alar ligaments AKA

A

Check ligaments and odontoid ligaments

152
Q

Where are the alar ligaments

A

Extend from posterior lateral aspect of the odontoid process to the medial surface of occipital condyles

153
Q

Function of alar ligaments

A

Limits or check contralateral axial rotation of the skull and atlantoaxial joint

154
Q

Alar ligaments are must vulnerable to

A

Tearing in combined axial rotation and flexion

155
Q

If damage occurs to alar ligaments what occurs

A

Allow for increased rotation and lateral flexion of atlanto-occipital articulation

156
Q

Injured alar ligaments are primarily responsible for

A

Chronic whiplash symptoms especially post traumatic headaches

157
Q

Aka of apical ligament

A

Apical dental ligament and suspensory ligament

158
Q

Where is the apical ligament

A

V shaped ligament extends from anterior wall of foramen magnum to superior terminal aspect of dens

159
Q

What is the degree of anterior tilt of apical ligament

A

20

160
Q

What is the remnant of the embryonic notochord

A

Apical ligament

161
Q

Cruciate ligament AKA

A

Cruciform ligament

162
Q

What are the two parts of the cruciate ligament

A

Superior and inferior

163
Q

Where is the superior cruciate ligament

A

transverse ligament to anterior tip of foramen magnum

164
Q

Inferior cruciate ligament is located

A

From transverse ligament to posterior aspect of C2 body

165
Q

Function of cruciate ligament

A

Hold transverse ligament in place

166
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae

A

Union of the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments in the upper cervical region

167
Q

What are the ligaments in the lumbosacral articulation

A

Same as the thoracic and lumbar spine but no intertransverse ligament

168
Q

The intertransverse ligament is replaced by what in the lumbosacral articulation

A

Lumbosacral ligament and iliolumbar ligament

169
Q

Where is the lumbosacral ligament

A

From TVP L5 to sacral alae and promontory

170
Q

Where is the iliolumbar ligament

A

From TVP L5 to crest of ilium anterior to sacroiliac joint

171
Q

Function of lumbosacral ligament and iliolumbar ligament

A

Stabilize the area

172
Q

The function of the sacrotuberous ligament

A

Restricts flexion in the pelvis

173
Q

How many ligaments in the intersacral articulations

A

6

174
Q

What are the six intersacral articulations

A

4 fibrocartilages (discs), anterior intersacral ligament, posterior intersacral ligament

175
Q

Where is the fibrocartilage ligament of the intersacral ligament

A

Present between segments until segments fuse and ligaments become ossified

176
Q

Anterior intersacral ligament is analogous to

A

ALL

177
Q

The posterior intersacral ligament is analogous to

A

PLL

178
Q

The anterior and posterior intersacral ligament are present till when

A

Segments fuse then ossify

179
Q

What are the 8 ligaments of the sacrococcygeal articulation

A

Intervertebral fibrocartilage, anterior sacrococcygeal ligament, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament, 2 lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments, 2 intercornual ligaments

180
Q

Is the intervertebral fibrocartilage a disc in the sacrococcygeal articulation

A

No due to no nucleus present

181
Q

The anterior sacrococcygeal ligament is a thin fibrous extension of

A

ALL

182
Q

The deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament is an extension of

A

PLL

183
Q

Where is the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

A

From sacral hiatus to 1st coccygeal segment

184
Q

Where is the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

A

On top of sacral hiatus, forms roof over top

185
Q

Where is the lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments

A

From inferior angle of sacrum to coccygeal alae

186
Q

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament is analogous to

A

Intertransverse ligament

187
Q

What is the intercornual ligament

A

From sacral cornua to coccygeal cornua

188
Q

Intercornual ligament is analogous to

A

Articular capsules

189
Q

What are the five inter-coccygeal ligaments

A

Intersegmental fibrocartilages, anterior coccygeal ligament and posterior coccygeal ligament

190
Q

When segments fuse in the coccyx what happens to the ligaments

A

They are not longer ligaments

191
Q

The intersegmental fibrocartilages in the intercoccygeal ligaments are what type of joints

A

4 cartilaginous synchondrodial joint

192
Q

The fibrocartilages in the intercoccygeal ligaments are present till

A

Age 25 to 30

193
Q

The anterior coccygeal ligament is an extension of

A

ALL

194
Q

The posterior coccygeal ligament is an extension of

A

PLL

195
Q

What are the 7 ligaments of the SI joint

A

Articular capsule, anterior sacroiliac ligament, interosseous sacroiliac ligament, short posterior sacroiliac ligament, long posterior sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinous ligament

196
Q

Where are the articular capsules located on the SI joint

A

Located on the anterior surface of the SI joint

197
Q

Where is the anterior sacroiliac ligament

A

Covers the articular capsule on the anterior side

198
Q

Function of anterior sacroiliac ligament

A

Limits external rotation of the front of the SI joint

199
Q

Where is the interosseous sacroiliac ligament

A

Posterior side of the SI joint

200
Q

Function of the interosseous sacroiliac joint

A

Connects the upper 3 segments of the sacrum to the ilium, limits external rotation (flaring) of ilium

201
Q

Where is the short posterior SI ligament

A

From S1 and S2 tubercles to posterior medial part of iliac crest and runs horizontally

202
Q

Where is the long posterior SI ligament

A

From PSIS and tubercles of S3 and S4. Runs vertically and blends into sacrotuberous ligament

203
Q

Where is the sacrotuberous ligament

A

Inferior and lateral from posterior inferior part of sacrum to ischial tuberosity of ilium

204
Q

Where is sacrospinous ligament

A

From anterior surface of sacrum (S2-S4) to spine of ischium

Spinal anatomy (18 decks)

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