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Spinal anatomy > Bones of Spine > Flashcards

Bones of Spine Flashcards

1
Q

spinal column also known as

A

vertebral column, central axis, back bone

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2
Q

what are the three parts of the spinal column

A

spine, sacrum and coccyx

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3
Q

in a child, 8 yrs or less, has how many spinal column individual segments

A

33

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4
Q

in a child, how many segments in the spine

A

24

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5
Q

in a child, how many segments in the sacrum

A

5

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6
Q

in a child, how many segments in the coccygeal region

A

4

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7
Q

in an adult, how many spinal column segments

A

26

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8
Q

in an adult, many segments in spine

A

24

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9
Q

in an adult, how many segments in sacrum

A

1

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10
Q

in an adult, how many segments in the coccyx

A

1

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11
Q

the first three segments of the sacrum fuse when

A

between age of 9 and 11

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12
Q

the lower two segments of the sacrum fuse when

A

between ages of 18 and 20

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13
Q

what is the average length of the male adult spinal column

A

28 inches or 71 cm

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14
Q

what is the average length of the female adult spinal column

A

25 inches or 61 cm

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15
Q

what is the percentage of height of the vertebral column is the discs

A

25%

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16
Q

the spinal column segments are divided into

A

true segments and false segments

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17
Q

what are true segments

A

freely movable segments

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18
Q

how many segments are true segments

A

24

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19
Q

what are false segments

A

segments that are not freely movable

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20
Q

false segments consist of

A

sacrum and coccyx

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21
Q

what are the 6 ROM

A

flexion, extension, right and left rotation, right and left lateral flexion

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22
Q

what is the most variable region as to number of segments in the spine

A

lumbar

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23
Q

what are the 2 basic general parts of the spinal vertebra

A

anterior and posterior

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24
Q

the anterior portion of the spinal vertebra is the

A

vertebral body

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25
Q

vertebral body is also known as the

A

centrum

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26
Q

the posterior portion of the spinal vertebra consists of the

A

2 pedicles, 2 laminae, and 7 processes

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27
Q

what are the seven processes in the spinal vertebra

A

spinous, transverse, and articular process

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28
Q

the anterior arch of the vertebra is comprised of the

A

vertebral body

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29
Q

the posterior arch of the vertebra is comprised of

A

pedicles, lamina and processes

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30
Q

the vertebral foramen is formed by

A

the pedicles uniting with the body of the vertebra

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31
Q

the vertebral canal is formed by

A

the stacking of the spinal foramen

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32
Q

other names for the vertebral foramen

A

neural foramen, neural ring, spinal foramen

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33
Q

vertebral canal also known as

A

neural or spinal canal

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34
Q

the spinal cord goes through what hole

A

the spinal foramen

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35
Q

what is the largest part of the vertebra

A

the body

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36
Q

what supports the most weight placed on the vertebra

A

the body

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37
Q

what is the typical shape of the vertebral body

A

cylindrical or square

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38
Q

does the diameter increase or decrease when moving down the spine

A

decrease

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39
Q

when does the diameter of the body increase when moving down the spine

A

C2

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40
Q

when does the diameter of the body stop increasing

A

L3

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41
Q

what is the shape of the posterior margin of the vertebral body

A

concave

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42
Q

what hard compact bone surrounds the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body

A

epiphyseal plate

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43
Q

when does the epiphyseal plate fuse to the vertebral body

A

between the ages of 16 and 20

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44
Q

what is the hyaline cartilage that sits on top of the epiphyseal plate

A

END plate

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45
Q

how thick is the end plate

A

3 mm

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46
Q

the end plate is really part of the

A

intervertebral disc

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47
Q

what is the function of the end plate

A

contributes to the resiliency of the vertebral segment and plays a role in the distribution of the pressure absorbed by the disc, and the nutrition of the disc

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48
Q

what is the anterior part of the vertebral arch

A

the pedicles

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49
Q

the pedicles fuse where

A

to the posterior lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies

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50
Q

when do the pedicles fuse to the vertebral bodies

A

between the ages of 3 and 6 years of age

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51
Q

since the vertebral bodies are larger than the pedicles what is formed

A

pedicle notch

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52
Q

where is the pedicle notch loacted

A

superior and inferior part of pedicle

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53
Q

what is the other name of the pedicle notch

A

vertebral notch

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54
Q

what is the intervertebral foramen

A

the hole in between the superior and inferior pedicle notch

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55
Q

what is the point of the intervertebral foramen

A

the spinal nerve roots leave the spinal cord here

56
Q

the intervertebral foramen is also known as

A

osteoligamentous canal

57
Q

what makes up the intervertebral foramen

A

the superior intervertebral notch is the floor and the inferior vertebral notch of the segment above makes the roof

58
Q

does the intervertebral foramen constantly change shape

A

yes, opens with flexion and lateral bending to the opposite side

59
Q

what is pedicogenic stenosis

A

a congenital shortening of one or both of the pedicles causing the spinal canal to narrow and restricts the contents of the canal

60
Q

is pedicogenic stenosis more common in males or females

A

males

61
Q

pedicogenic stenosis causes

A

low back pain

62
Q

where is pedicogenic stenosis more common in spine

A

lumbar region

63
Q

what is the lamanae

A

2 parts of the vertebra that connect to the posterior aspect of the pedicles and forms the posterior portion of the vertebral arch

64
Q

the laminae is angled

A

posterior and medial

65
Q

the laminae unites where

A

in the posterior to form the spinous process

66
Q

what closes off the back of the spinal cord

A

laminae

67
Q

when does the lamina fuse together

A

in the first year of life

68
Q

where does the laminae fuse together

A

the posterior and lateral to the neural foreman

69
Q

what is spina bifida

A

a congenital condition where the spinous processes do not form or the laminae do not come together in the back and leaves an opening in the back of the vertebra

70
Q

what is most common form of neural tube defects

A

spina bifida

71
Q

what symptoms does the patient have of spina bifida

A

tan discoloration of skin over area with a tuft of black hair growing out of it

72
Q

what are the other names for spina bifida

A

schistorrhachis or spondylochesis

73
Q

what is the percentage of spina bifida cases that has the tuft of hair

A

40%

74
Q

what is meningocele

A

spina bifida but sack is filled with CSF

75
Q

what is myelomeningocele

A

spina bifida but sack contains meninges and spinal cord

76
Q

what is the most posterior part of the vertebra

A

the spinous process

77
Q

the spinous process projects where

A

posterior and somewhat inferior from the laminae

78
Q

what is the shape like of the spinous process

A

varies in shape and size

79
Q

why is the spinous process the least reliable area of palpation when trying to ascertain subluxation

A

SP may bend (deviate) either left or right from the midline due to trauma during the cartilaginous stage of development

80
Q

when does the tip of the spinous process fuse with rest of the spinous process

A

around age 16

81
Q

what is the purpose of the spinous process

A

attachment of muscles and ligaments

82
Q

what do the muscles attached to the spinous process do

A

extend the vertebral and help rotate it either right or left and with help from other muscles, laterally flex or bend the vertebrae

83
Q

how many transverse process in the vertebra

A

2

84
Q

the transverse process project

A

laterally from the lamina-pedicle junction

85
Q

purpose of transverse project

A

attachment for muscles and ligaments

86
Q

function of the muscles attaching to the transverse project

A

mainly for maintaining posture and to induce rotation and lateral bending (lateral flexion)

87
Q

TVP’s are best seen in what vertebra

A

cervical

88
Q

what are the two parts of the tVP’s

A

true and costal element

89
Q

what is the true part of the TVP

A

diapophysis, posterior part

90
Q

the costal element of the TVP is called

A

pleurapophysis, anterior part

91
Q

the tips of the TVP fuse to the rest of the TVP when

A

age of 16

92
Q

the four articular processes are also known as

A

zygapophysis

93
Q

the superior articular processes are also known as

A

prezygapophysis

94
Q

the inferior articular processes are also known as

A

postzygapophysis

95
Q

the cervical facet of the articular processes are oriented in what plane

A

coronal

96
Q

the thoracic facet of the articular processes are oriented in what plane

A

coronal

97
Q

the lumbar facet of the articular processes are oriented in what pane

A

sagittal

98
Q

what three parts make up the articular capsule

A

inner, central layer, and outer part

99
Q

the inner part of the articular capsule is known as

A

synovial membrane

100
Q

the synovial membrane is filled with

A

synovial fluid

101
Q

describe the central layer of the articular capsule

A

vascular and composed of loose connective tissue

102
Q

describe the outer part of the articular capsule

A

made up of fibroelastic connective tissue which connect to the articular processes, rich in sensory nerve supply

103
Q

what nerve goes through the facet joint

A

sinu vertebral nerve

104
Q

the sinu vertebral nerve is part of the

A

dorsal ramus (posterior primary division PPD)

105
Q

the anterior medial joint of the facet joint capsule is covered by

A

the ligamentum flavum

106
Q

why the pain hard to localize in the articular joints of the spine

A

due to the multilevel innervation

107
Q

why is the Z joint added interest to the chiropractors

A

loss of motion or any aberrant motion may be the primary cause of pain

108
Q

the superior articular process projects

A

superior and posterior

109
Q

the inferior articular process projects

A

inferior and anterior

110
Q

the x axis is known as

A

the coronal axis, divides body into front and back

111
Q

x axis has what range of motion

A

flexion and extension

112
Q

y axis is known as

A

longitudinal or vertical axis

113
Q

y axis has what range of motion

A

left and right rotation

114
Q

z axis is known as

A

sagittal axis

115
Q

z axis has what range of motion

A

left and right lateral flexion

116
Q

subluxation is also known as

A

spinal manipulation

117
Q

what is subluxation

A

joint manipulation comprises a high velocity, low amplitude, end range thrust maneuver

118
Q

what is mobilization

A

involves manual techniques without thrust or sudden movement

119
Q

the cervical region articular facet is angled at ?? and what plane

A

45 and horizontal plane

120
Q

where does the overall greatest amount of ROM in the spine take place

A

mid cervical spine (C4-C6)

121
Q

the greatest amount of flexion and extension of a facet joint is where

A

C5-C6

122
Q

the thoracic region of the articular facet is angled at and what plane and what rotation

A

60 degree angle, horizontal plane, rotated 20 degrees

123
Q

superior articular facet is laterally or medially rotated

A

laterally

124
Q

what can the articular process of the thoracic not do in ROM

A

extension

125
Q

what can the articular process of the thoracic do in ROM

A

flexion

126
Q

the articular facets of the lumbar region are rotated at what degree and angled in what plane

A

rotated 45 degrees, angled 90 degrees in the horizontal plane

127
Q

are the lumbar superior articular facets concaved or convexed

A

concaved

128
Q

what can the lumbar articular processes do for ROM

A

flexion and extension

129
Q

what can the lumbar articular processes not do for ROM

A

little lateral bending and no rotation

130
Q

where does the greatest amount of overall ROM in the lumbar spine take plae

A

L4 and L5

131
Q

where does the greatest amount of flexion/extension in the lumbar spine take place

A

L5- S1

132
Q

where does most lateral flexion occur in the lumbar spine

A

T12 to L1

133
Q

how much axial compression does the superior articular process support

A

0 to 33%

134
Q

how much of the superior articular process support the total compressive load

A

18%

135
Q

what is the tripod theory of weight bearing

A

the axial compression is supported mostly by the vertebra body and the two articular processes

Spinal anatomy (18 decks)

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