Bones of Spine Flashcards
spinal column also known as
vertebral column, central axis, back bone
what are the three parts of the spinal column
spine, sacrum and coccyx
in a child, 8 yrs or less, has how many spinal column individual segments
33
in a child, how many segments in the spine
24
in a child, how many segments in the sacrum
5
in a child, how many segments in the coccygeal region
4
in an adult, how many spinal column segments
26
in an adult, many segments in spine
24
in an adult, how many segments in sacrum
1
in an adult, how many segments in the coccyx
1
the first three segments of the sacrum fuse when
between age of 9 and 11
the lower two segments of the sacrum fuse when
between ages of 18 and 20
what is the average length of the male adult spinal column
28 inches or 71 cm
what is the average length of the female adult spinal column
25 inches or 61 cm
what is the percentage of height of the vertebral column is the discs
25%
the spinal column segments are divided into
true segments and false segments
what are true segments
freely movable segments
how many segments are true segments
24
what are false segments
segments that are not freely movable
false segments consist of
sacrum and coccyx
what are the 6 ROM
flexion, extension, right and left rotation, right and left lateral flexion
what is the most variable region as to number of segments in the spine
lumbar
what are the 2 basic general parts of the spinal vertebra
anterior and posterior
the anterior portion of the spinal vertebra is the
vertebral body
vertebral body is also known as the
centrum
the posterior portion of the spinal vertebra consists of the
2 pedicles, 2 laminae, and 7 processes
what are the seven processes in the spinal vertebra
spinous, transverse, and articular process
the anterior arch of the vertebra is comprised of the
vertebral body
the posterior arch of the vertebra is comprised of
pedicles, lamina and processes
the vertebral foramen is formed by
the pedicles uniting with the body of the vertebra
the vertebral canal is formed by
the stacking of the spinal foramen
other names for the vertebral foramen
neural foramen, neural ring, spinal foramen
vertebral canal also known as
neural or spinal canal
the spinal cord goes through what hole
the spinal foramen
what is the largest part of the vertebra
the body
what supports the most weight placed on the vertebra
the body
what is the typical shape of the vertebral body
cylindrical or square
does the diameter increase or decrease when moving down the spine
decrease
when does the diameter of the body increase when moving down the spine
C2
when does the diameter of the body stop increasing
L3
what is the shape of the posterior margin of the vertebral body
concave
what hard compact bone surrounds the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body
epiphyseal plate
when does the epiphyseal plate fuse to the vertebral body
between the ages of 16 and 20
what is the hyaline cartilage that sits on top of the epiphyseal plate
END plate
how thick is the end plate
3 mm
the end plate is really part of the
intervertebral disc
what is the function of the end plate
contributes to the resiliency of the vertebral segment and plays a role in the distribution of the pressure absorbed by the disc, and the nutrition of the disc
what is the anterior part of the vertebral arch
the pedicles
the pedicles fuse where
to the posterior lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies
when do the pedicles fuse to the vertebral bodies
between the ages of 3 and 6 years of age
since the vertebral bodies are larger than the pedicles what is formed
pedicle notch
where is the pedicle notch loacted
superior and inferior part of pedicle
what is the other name of the pedicle notch
vertebral notch
what is the intervertebral foramen
the hole in between the superior and inferior pedicle notch
what is the point of the intervertebral foramen
the spinal nerve roots leave the spinal cord here
the intervertebral foramen is also known as
osteoligamentous canal
what makes up the intervertebral foramen
the superior intervertebral notch is the floor and the inferior vertebral notch of the segment above makes the roof
does the intervertebral foramen constantly change shape
yes, opens with flexion and lateral bending to the opposite side
what is pedicogenic stenosis
a congenital shortening of one or both of the pedicles causing the spinal canal to narrow and restricts the contents of the canal
is pedicogenic stenosis more common in males or females
males
pedicogenic stenosis causes
low back pain
where is pedicogenic stenosis more common in spine
lumbar region
what is the lamanae
2 parts of the vertebra that connect to the posterior aspect of the pedicles and forms the posterior portion of the vertebral arch
the laminae is angled
posterior and medial
the laminae unites where
in the posterior to form the spinous process
what closes off the back of the spinal cord
laminae
when does the lamina fuse together
in the first year of life
where does the laminae fuse together
the posterior and lateral to the neural foreman
what is spina bifida
a congenital condition where the spinous processes do not form or the laminae do not come together in the back and leaves an opening in the back of the vertebra
what is most common form of neural tube defects
spina bifida
what symptoms does the patient have of spina bifida
tan discoloration of skin over area with a tuft of black hair growing out of it
what are the other names for spina bifida
schistorrhachis or spondylochesis
what is the percentage of spina bifida cases that has the tuft of hair
40%
what is meningocele
spina bifida but sack is filled with CSF
what is myelomeningocele
spina bifida but sack contains meninges and spinal cord
what is the most posterior part of the vertebra
the spinous process
the spinous process projects where
posterior and somewhat inferior from the laminae
what is the shape like of the spinous process
varies in shape and size
why is the spinous process the least reliable area of palpation when trying to ascertain subluxation
SP may bend (deviate) either left or right from the midline due to trauma during the cartilaginous stage of development
when does the tip of the spinous process fuse with rest of the spinous process
around age 16
what is the purpose of the spinous process
attachment of muscles and ligaments
what do the muscles attached to the spinous process do
extend the vertebral and help rotate it either right or left and with help from other muscles, laterally flex or bend the vertebrae
how many transverse process in the vertebra
2
the transverse process project
laterally from the lamina-pedicle junction
purpose of transverse project
attachment for muscles and ligaments
function of the muscles attaching to the transverse project
mainly for maintaining posture and to induce rotation and lateral bending (lateral flexion)
TVP’s are best seen in what vertebra
cervical
what are the two parts of the tVP’s
true and costal element
what is the true part of the TVP
diapophysis, posterior part
the costal element of the TVP is called
pleurapophysis, anterior part
the tips of the TVP fuse to the rest of the TVP when
age of 16
the four articular processes are also known as
zygapophysis
the superior articular processes are also known as
prezygapophysis
the inferior articular processes are also known as
postzygapophysis
the cervical facet of the articular processes are oriented in what plane
coronal
the thoracic facet of the articular processes are oriented in what plane
coronal
the lumbar facet of the articular processes are oriented in what pane
sagittal
what three parts make up the articular capsule
inner, central layer, and outer part
the inner part of the articular capsule is known as
synovial membrane
the synovial membrane is filled with
synovial fluid
describe the central layer of the articular capsule
vascular and composed of loose connective tissue
describe the outer part of the articular capsule
made up of fibroelastic connective tissue which connect to the articular processes, rich in sensory nerve supply
what nerve goes through the facet joint
sinu vertebral nerve
the sinu vertebral nerve is part of the
dorsal ramus (posterior primary division PPD)
the anterior medial joint of the facet joint capsule is covered by
the ligamentum flavum
why the pain hard to localize in the articular joints of the spine
due to the multilevel innervation
why is the Z joint added interest to the chiropractors
loss of motion or any aberrant motion may be the primary cause of pain
the superior articular process projects
superior and posterior
the inferior articular process projects
inferior and anterior
the x axis is known as
the coronal axis, divides body into front and back
x axis has what range of motion
flexion and extension
y axis is known as
longitudinal or vertical axis
y axis has what range of motion
left and right rotation
z axis is known as
sagittal axis
z axis has what range of motion
left and right lateral flexion
subluxation is also known as
spinal manipulation
what is subluxation
joint manipulation comprises a high velocity, low amplitude, end range thrust maneuver
what is mobilization
involves manual techniques without thrust or sudden movement
the cervical region articular facet is angled at ?? and what plane
45 and horizontal plane
where does the overall greatest amount of ROM in the spine take place
mid cervical spine (C4-C6)
the greatest amount of flexion and extension of a facet joint is where
C5-C6
the thoracic region of the articular facet is angled at and what plane and what rotation
60 degree angle, horizontal plane, rotated 20 degrees
superior articular facet is laterally or medially rotated
laterally
what can the articular process of the thoracic not do in ROM
extension
what can the articular process of the thoracic do in ROM
flexion
the articular facets of the lumbar region are rotated at what degree and angled in what plane
rotated 45 degrees, angled 90 degrees in the horizontal plane
are the lumbar superior articular facets concaved or convexed
concaved
what can the lumbar articular processes do for ROM
flexion and extension
what can the lumbar articular processes not do for ROM
little lateral bending and no rotation
where does the greatest amount of overall ROM in the lumbar spine take plae
L4 and L5
where does the greatest amount of flexion/extension in the lumbar spine take place
L5- S1
where does most lateral flexion occur in the lumbar spine
T12 to L1
how much axial compression does the superior articular process support
0 to 33%
how much of the superior articular process support the total compressive load
18%
what is the tripod theory of weight bearing
the axial compression is supported mostly by the vertebra body and the two articular processes
