Unit 9: Topic 5 - Calls for Reform and Responses Flashcards
UN Declaration of Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It sets out the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and security of person; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; the right to work and education; and the right to participate in government. The UDHR is widely considered to be a cornerstone of international human rights law and has been signed and ratified by many countries.
Feminism
Feminism in the 20th century was a global social and political movement that sought to advance the rights and status of women. The movement had several waves, with the first wave occurring in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the second wave starting in the 1960s, and the third wave beginning in the 1990s.
Negritude
Negritude is a literary and intellectual movement that originated among black intellectuals in France in the 1930s. It was a response to the dehumanizing effects of colonialism and aimed to promote a positive identity and cultural heritage among people of African descent. Negritude advocated for a rediscovery and celebration of African culture and history, and sought to challenge the prevailing notion of Western cultural superiority. Negritude writers and thinkers, including Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Léon Damas.
Suffrage
The suffrage movement was a political and social movement aimed at securing the right to vote for women. The suffrage movement had its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when women in many countries began organizing and advocating for the right to vote.
US Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that banned discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal. The act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, and is widely considered one of the most significant pieces of legislation in American history.
Apartheid
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation that was implemented in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s. It was characterized by strict laws and policies that separated people of different races and kept non-white citizens in a state of political, economic, and social inferiority. This included strict regulations on where they could live, work, and go to school, as well as laws that denied them the right to vote and other political freedoms. The apartheid system was widely criticized and opposed both domestically and internationally, and it ultimately led to the end of white minority rule in South Africa and the establishment of a multiracial democracy.
Greenpeace
Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization founded in 1971. Its mission is to promote peace, protect the planet, and defend the future of our environment through research, campaigns, and activism. It operates in over 55 countries, focusing on issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, and toxic pollution. Greenpeace uses non-violent direct action, lobbying, and research to raise public awareness and bring about political change to protect the natural world.
Caste Reservation System
The caste reservation system is a form of affirmative action in India that provides quotas for educational institutions and government jobs for historically disadvantaged groups, such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). These groups are collectively referred to as “reserved categories” and have been recognized as facing systemic discrimination and under-representation. The reservation system was introduced to address past inequalities and ensure that these communities have a fair opportunity to participate in the country’s economic and social development.
World Fair Trade Organization
The World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO) is an international network of fair-trade organizations. It was established in 1989 with the aim of promoting fair trade and ensuring that fair trade standards are followed by its member organizations. The WFTO’s mission is to create opportunities for poor producers, particularly in developing countries, by linking them to consumers through fair trade.
Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells was an African American journalist, suffragist, and civil rights leader. Born into slavery in Mississippi, Wells became an educator after the Civil War, but was forced to leave her job after refusing to give up her seat on a train to a white person. She then turned to journalism, using her writing to expose the injustices of segregation and the violence of lynching.
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and his presidency marked the end of the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and discrimination. Mandela was a symbol of resistance and peace, spending 27 years in prison for his political activities, including leading the African National Congress in its fight against apartheid. After his release from prison in 1990, Mandela continued to work for reconciliation and equality, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
Wangari Maathai
Wangari Maathai was a Kenyan environmental and political activist, as well as the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Born in rural Kenya, she went on to study in the United States, where she earned degrees in biology and anthropology.
Leopold Senghor
Léopold Sédar Senghor was a Senegalese politician, poet, and cultural philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the founding fathers of the Negritude movement. Born in Senegal, Senghor studied in France and was active in both the French Resistance and the Free French forces during World War II. Senghor’s legacy as a statesman, poet, and cultural figure is still widely celebrated in Africa and around the world. He is remembered for his contributions to the independence movements of Africa, his advocacy for African unity, and his literary and philosophical works, which continue to inspire and influence generations of writers and thinkers.
Pope Francis
Pope Francis (born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in 1936) is the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and was ordained as a priest in 1969. He served as the Archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1998 to 2013, when he was elected as Pope following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.
Liberation Theology
Liberation theology is a theological movement that emerged in Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s. It seeks to bring together the Christian faith and the political and social struggles of oppressed and marginalized communities, particularly those in the developing world. Liberation theology emphasizes a preferential option for the poor, meaning that the Church should actively work to empower and liberate those who are marginalized and oppressed. It also emphasizes a commitment to social justice, seeing the struggle for justice as an integral part of the Christian faith.
