Unit 5: Topic 8 - Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900

Question 1

Suffrage

Answer 1

The right to vote in political elections.

Question 2

Labor Unions

Answer 2

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members; popularized after worker exploitation became common after the Industrial Revolution.

Question 3

Utilitarianism

Answer 3

Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Question 4

Tanzimat

Answer 4

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876.

Question 5

Communist Manifesto

Answer 5

The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx, reflects the idea that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, so we should aim for a communist society. The overarching aim of the communist manifesto was to abolish all traditional production, destruct the bourgeoisie class, and establish the proletariat as the supreme class. In order to achieve this, Karl Marx argues that the working class should revolt against the bourgeoisie.

Question 6

Proletariat

Answer 6

The proletariat is the lowest economic and social class in society, mainly comprised of wage-earners whose chief source of income came from the sale of their labor. Examples of proletariats: Artisans, small tradesmen, and factory workers.

Question 7

Bourgeoisie

Answer 7

The bourgeoisie was the opposite of proletariats since the bourgeoisie is an socioeconomic class equivalent to the middle or upper class. This class of people makes their living through property or ownership of the means of production. (They own most of society’s wealth)

Question 8

Means of Production

Answer 8

The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth.

Question 9

Michael Sadler

Answer 9

Sadler was a British Tory Member of Parliament who championed the extension of the Poor Laws into Ireland, as well as championed labor rights such as minimum age and maximum hours for children working in the textile industry.

Question 10

John Stuart Mill

Answer 10

Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.

Question 11

Karl Marx

Answer 11

1818-1883. 19th-century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it had replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Question 12

Empress Dowager Cixi

Answer 12

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.