Unit 5: Topic 3 - Industrial Revolution Begins Flashcards
Industrialization
The development of industries on a widespread scale due to the increased mechanization of production. This shift to industrialize led to increased production, greater individual accumulation of capital, as well as, social changes primarily focused on rights of labor and the disenfranchised.
Industrial Revolution
The transition to a new manufacturing process across the Europe, Great Britain, and the USA. The first happened around 1760-1840, and the second was from 1870 to 1914. As the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to Europe and North America, and then to the world, it reshaped society, increasing world population, shifting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods.
Agricultural Revolution
In the early 1700s there was an increase in agricultural production due to innovative farming methods such as crop rotation (rotating different crops in and out of the field every year) and the seed drill (places seeds easily and efficiently). With the addition of mechanized labor, farmers were able to produce a higher yield of crops which, combined with improved medical care, led to a decline of the infant mortality rate and increased life expectancy.
Urbanization
The process of the growth of cities. More people moved into cities in the Industrial Revolution for more economic and social opportunities. As urbanization increased, cities became increasingly crowded, and neither regulation nor construction could keep pace. The new urban areas lacked proper sanitation and housing, and the prevalence of coal dust and smoke coated everything in a constant state of filth and contributed to lung diseases.
Cottage System
Originating in Britain, the cottage industry system, also known as the putting out system, was a small-scale manufacturing system that would import raw cotton produced by slave labor in the Americas and merchants would provide this cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.
Factory System
This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.
Spinning Jenny
This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.
Steam Engine
One of the most important inventions. The steam engine uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.
Interchangeable Parts
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1798, he created a system for manufacturing firearms by pre-manufacturing parts made for identical purposes. In Whitney’s system, if a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could be easily replaced with a new, identical part. Entrepreneurs adapted this method to the manufacturing of other products thus playing a pivotal contribution to industrial technology.
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin was a machine that easily separated seeds from short-staple cotton, which greatly increased cotton production and revolutionized the cotton industry while also increased dependence on enslaved labor.
Enclosure Movement
Beginning in the 1600s, English farmers accelerated the process of fencing off, or enclosing, common lands into individual holdings, largely for the benefit of the already wealthy landholders
J.Hargreaves
English inventor of the Spinning Jenny in1768, which allowed spinners to produce yarn in larger quantities. Hargreaves developed the spinning jenny in response the shortage of yard created by the invention of the flying shuttle which made it easier to weave faster on a loom.
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)
Eli Whitney
A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed, as well as interchangeable parts which streamlined the manufacturing process and played a pivotal role in the Industrial Revolution as well as economic dependence on slave labor.
Why was mainland Britain a powerhouse for Industrialization?
It had many seaways, so it could import and export goods with ease. It had many mineral resources and rivers for trading. Britain also protected private property, had a strong navy for safe trading, and had a growing population for more manufacturing.
