Unit 5: Topic 2 - Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900

Question 1

Maroons

Answer 1

African descendants in the Americas that escaped slavery and formed communities in isolated regions and preserved African culture. A typical maroon community in the early stage usually consists of three types of people: slaves who ran away directly after they got off the ships, slaves who had been working on plantations for a while and skilled slaves with particularly strong opposition to the slave system

Question 2

Louverture

Answer 2

Toussaint Louverture was a former slave and prominent leader of the successful slave uprising against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now known as Haiti. Also known as the Haitian Revolution, the revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery (though not from forced labor and ruled by non-whites and former captives. The loss of Haiti is one of the prominent reasons for Napoleon offering to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803.

Question 3

Bourgeoisie

Answer 3

The bourgeoisie refers to the middle class and owners of machinery and factories. In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie owns the means of production and exploits the proletariat (the working-class).

Question 4

“No Taxation Without Representation”

Answer 4

In 1765, a delegation of nine American colonies, known as the Stamp Act Congress, approved the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that, though loyal to the Crown, they should not have taxes imposed on them without direct representation in Parliament by the colonists themselves. They also rejected the notion that the House of Commons in Great-Britain provides them with adequate representation. This event continued an already escalating conflict that culminates with the American Revolution.

Question 5

Guillotine

Answer 5

A symbol of revolution, the guillotine was a means of executing those against the French Revolution, particularly during the Reign of Terror–a period known for the mass executions of those considered enemies of the revolution. Supporters of the guillotine justified that the violence was necessary to achieve a democratic France.

Question 6

Napoleon I

Answer 6

Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader who led the French Revolution. After successfully taking over the French government, creating new forms of government, and then ruling it as the emperor, he conquered much of Europe in the 19th century, reshaping European boundaries

Question 7

Grito de Dolores

Answer 7

Grito de Dolores, also known as the “Cry of Delores”, was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence. This declaration led to Mexican independence from the Spanish Empire and fostered a unique Mexican identity in an established independent Mexico.

Question 8

El Libertadores

Answer 8

El Libertadores refers to the leaders of the numerous Latin American revolutions. These leaders were influenced by liberalism and fought for independence against colonial rule. Notable leaders include Simon Bolivar and Father Hidalgo.

Question 9

Liberal

Answer 9

A political tradition that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics; civil liberties under the rule of law with especial emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech. It gained full flowering in the early 18th century and was foundational to the American Revolution.

Question 10

Conservative

Answer 10

A political and social philosophy that emphasizes the importance of moral principles, allegedly manifested through certain natural laws to which society should adhere to. The philosophy also heavily emphasizes the concepts of custom, convention, and tradition.

Question 11

Propaganda Movement

Answer 11

The movement included young men from the Philippines who, inspired by nationalist thinking while studying in Europe, contributed to publications supporting more autonomy in the Philippines. This movement, called the Propaganda Movement, did not call for revolution or independence but for reform. Notable figures of the movement include Jose Rizal, who helped spark the first nationalist movement to challenge Spanish rule.

Question 12

Maori

Answer 12

The Māori people are the indigenous people of New Zealand. They opposed British colonization, causing the Māori Wars to break out over British settlement on the Māori lands. By the 20th century, the Māori lost the majority of their land.

Question 13

George Washington

Answer 13

George Washington, the 1st President of the United States, led the colonial revolutionary forces during the American Revolution to victory over the British, establishing an independent United States of America.

Question 14

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 14

Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd President of the United States of America, was heavily inspired by the Enlightenment movement in Europe and was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, as well as, the sitting President when the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleonic France.

Question 15

Father Hidalgo

Answer 15

Father Hidalgo was the leader of the Mexican War of Independence. He sparked the revolution through informal discussions against Spain’s prevalence in New Spain’s culture and society. Father Hidalgo was the caller of the Grito de Dolores, establishing the first stage of the Mexican War of Independence.

Question 16

Bismarck

Answer 16

Otto von Bismarck was a German political figure that unified numerous German states into one German empire. He shaped the modern German state as the Prussian prime minister and created a balance of power that kept the peace in Europe until WWI.

Question 17

Lola Rodriguez

Answer 17

Lola Rodríguez de Tió was a Latin American poet and activist who advocated for Puerto Rican independence from Spain. Her writings promoted Puerto Rican liberty and democracy; she became known for her written critiques of Spain’s exploitative rule.

Question 18

Jose Rizal

Answer 18

Jose Rizal was a Filipino political activist known for his political writings that inspired the Philippine Revolution. His writings were meant to show the Philippine people that they had a long history before the Spanish. Rizal became the leader of the Propaganda Movement and wanted a reform of Spanish rule instead of Philippine independence from Spain.

Question 19

Simon Bolivar

Answer 19

Simon Bolivar was a prominent leader of the South American independence movement. He led a massive successful revolt in the Latin Americas against Spanish rule and was the author of the Jamaica Letter which communicated Latin America’s reasons for wanting independence. Bolivar was heavily inspired by liberty and equality, ideas from the Enlightenment, and made them the basis of his revolutions.

Question 20

Louis XVI

Answer 20

Louis XVI was the last king of France before the French Revolution. His lack of leadership and the French citizens’ buildup of resentment towards his authority and the absolute monarchy led to the revolt, which eventually led to a new government structure in France.

Question 21

Robespierre

Answer 21

Maximilien Robespierre was a leading figure of the Reign of Terror in the 18th century in France, a period known for extreme violence and mass executions. He encouraged the executions of those considered enemies of the revolution for the goal of creating an equal, united France.