Unit 8: Topic 7 - Global Resistance to Established Powers Flashcards
Augusto Pinochet
Augusto Pinochet was a Chilean military general and politician who served as the President of Chile from 1974 to 1990. He came to power in a military coup in 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected government of President Salvador Allende. Pinochet’s regime was characterized by human rights abuses, including widespread torture, disappearances and killings of political opponents, as well as economic reforms that led to significant economic growth in Chile. He ruled Chile as a dictator until 1990, when he was defeated in a referendum on his rule
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and his presidency marked the end of the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and discrimination. Mandela was a symbol of resistance and peace, spending 27 years in prison for his political activities, including leading the African National Congress in its fight against apartheid. After his release from prison in 1990, Mandela continued to work for reconciliation and equality, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
Idi Amin
Idi Amin was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He seized power in a military coup and ruled as a dictator, during which time he was responsible for widespread human rights abuses, including mass killings and persecution of political opponents, ethnic minorities, and perceived enemies of his regime. Amin’s regime was characterized by political repression, economic mismanagement, and widespread corruption. His rule was marked by widespread violence, with estimates suggesting that up to 500,000 people were killed during his presidency.
Osama Bin Laden
Osama bin Laden was a Saudi Arabian terrorist who founded the extremist group al-Qaeda. He was born in Saudi Arabia in 1957 and became involved in the Afghan resistance movement against the Soviet Union in the 1980s. He later formed al-Qaeda, which carried out numerous attacks, including the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.
Wladyslaw Gomulka
Władysław Gomułka was a Polish communist politician who served as the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers’ Party from 1956 to 1970 and as the Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Poland from 1956 to 1970. He was a key figure in the establishment of the communist state in Poland after World War II and was instrumental in shaping the country’s economic and political policies during the 1950s and 60s.
Imre Nagy
Imre Nagy was a Hungarian communist politician and statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Hungary twice, first from 1953 to 1955 and then from 1956 to his execution in 1958. He was born in 1896 and became involved in the Hungarian socialist and communist movements in the early 20th century. Nagy served in various political and government positions in the interwar period and during World War II, and was one of the leaders of the Hungarian Communist Party in the 1940s and 1950s. He came to power as Prime Minister in 1953, but was removed from office and expelled from the Communist Party in 1955 for advocating reforms.
Prague Spring
The Prague Spring was a political and cultural movement in Czechoslovakia that took place in 1968 and aimed to bring political and social liberalization to the country. It was led by the country’s Communist Party First Secretary, Alexander Dubček, who sought to introduce a more democratic system and greater freedom of expression in Czechoslovakia. Dubček’s reforms were popular among the Czechoslovak population, but were met with opposition from the Soviet Union and other Communist states in Eastern Europe. In August 1968, Soviet and other Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia, ending the Prague Spring and reestablishing Soviet control over the country. The Prague Spring is seen as a significant moment in the history of the Cold War and had far-reaching impacts on the political and cultural development of Eastern Europe.
Alexander Dubcek
Alexander Dubček was a Czechoslovak politician and statesman who served as the First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party from January 1968 to April 1969. He is best known for his leadership of the “Prague Spring,” a political and cultural movement in Czechoslovakia aimed at introducing political and social liberalization.
Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy that declared the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in the internal affairs of any socialist state in order to protect the interests of the socialist community as a whole. It was named after Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and stated that the Soviet Union would use military force to prevent any country in the Eastern bloc from leaving the socialist camp and pursuing an independent path. The Brezhnev Doctrine was used to justify Soviet intervention in several countries in the region, including Afghanistan in 1979. It remained in effect until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a revolutionary organization that has sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland and establish a united and independent Irish state. The IRA has used both political and military means to achieve its goals, and has been associated with numerous acts of violence and terrorism over the years. The IRA was most active in the late 20th century during the period known as “The Troubles”
Ulster Defence Association
The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is a loyalist paramilitary organization based in Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1971 with the aim of defending Northern Ireland’s union with Great Britain against threats from Irish nationalist and republican groups. The UDA has been associated with numerous acts of violence, including bombings, shootings, and assassinations, during the period of sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland known as “The Troubles.”
Basque Homeland and Liberty (ETA)
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), also known as Basque Homeland and Liberty, was a Basque separatist and nationalist organization based in the Basque region of Spain and France. It was founded in the late 1950s with the goal of promoting Basque independence and the creation of an independent Basque state. To achieve this goal, ETA engaged in a campaign of violence and terrorism, including bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings, for more than four decades.
Abimael Guzman
Abimael Guzman, also known as Chairman Gonzalo, was the founder and former leader of the Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path in Peru. He was born in 1934 in Callao, Peru. Guzman studied philosophy at the National University of San Marcos in Lima, where he became a Marxist-Leninist activist. In the 1980s, he formed Shining Path and led the group in a brutal armed conflict against the Peruvian government that lasted for over a decade.
Shining Path
Shining Path was a Maoist guerrilla group active in Peru from 1980 to the early 2000s. The group was founded and led by Abimael Guzman, also known as Chairman Gonzalo, with the goal of overthrowing the Peruvian government and establishing a communist state. The Shining Path carried out a brutal campaign of violence and terrorism, targeting government officials, civilians, and members of rival political and social groups. The conflict between Shining Path and the Peruvian government resulted in the deaths of an estimated 69,000 people.
Kent State shootings
The Kent State shootings were a tragic incident that occurred in 1972 at Kent St University in Ohio. On that day, Ohio National Guard troops opened fire on a group of unarmed student protesters, killing four students and wounding nine others. The students were protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, and the Kent State incident became one of the defining moments of the anti-war movement in the United States.
