Unit 9 - Test Flashcards
What are the four general characteristics of all plants?
- They all go through the process of photosynthesis
- They all have cell walls
- They all have cuticles
- They all reproduce in a 2-stage cycle
All plants contain ______________ for photosynthesis, and have cell walls made of ___________.
chloroplasts, cellulose
It is believed that modern day plants most likely evolved from what?
green algae
Directions: True or false? If false, correct the statement.
Some scientists believe that plants evolved from green algae because they both contain similar chlorophyll and have cell walls.
True
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls. List the three things a cell wall provides.
- Protection
- Structure
- Shape
What is a cuticle?
A waxy, transparent layer that surrounds the epidermis of a plant
Directions: Answer the statement with the best available option.
The main job of a cuticle is to…
A. Keep in moisture
B. Provide structure
C. Scare off predators
D. Serve as protection
A. Keep in moisture
Most plants have _______ and _______ to transport water and nutrients.
roots, stems
What are the two main divisions of plants?
- Nonvascular
- Vascular
Directions: After being provided the definition, list the plant classification.
- Do not have true roots, stems, or leaves
- Need to live in or near water (take in water through osmosis)
Non-Vascular Plants
List three examples of non-vascular plants.
- Moss
- Liverwort
- Hornwort
What is the definition of a vascular plant?
A plant that has vascular tissue and roots, stems, and leaves
Directions: Answer the statement with the best available option.
Xylem is a vascular tissue that moves…
A. Conifers
B. Food
C. Water
D. Spores
C. Water
What is a phloem?
A tissue in vascular plants that carries (moves) food and nutrients
Directions: True or false? If false, correct the statement.
The two main classifications of vascular plants are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
False. The two main classifications of vascular plants are seedless plants and seed plants.
How do seedless plants reproduce?
By spores
What are some examples of seedless vascular plants?
Ferns, horsetail, and club mosses
A: Gymnosperms
B: Angiosperms
This diagram is an example of what?
A seed
What are the five parts of all seeds?
- Plumule (future leaves)
- Hypocotyl (stem)
- Radicle (future root)
- Cotyledon (stored food)
- Seed coat (protective coating)
List two traits that only Gymnosperms possess.
- They produce seeds in cones
- They have needle-like leaves
What are some examples of gymnosperms?
- Conifers
- Ginkgoes
- Cycads
- Gnetophytes
Directions: After being provided the definition, name the plant classification.
- Produce seeds in flowers
- Seeds are eventually contained in fruits
Angiosperms
Clarifier:
Angiosperms are one of two members of the category seed plants, meaning they are vascular.
Monocots and dicots are the two broad groups of ___________ plants.
flowering
What are the differences between monocots and dicots?
Hint: Think about the veins, the flowers, the cotyledons, the vascular tissue, and the roots
List 5-10 examples of monocots.
List 5-10 examples of dicots.
Is this an image of a male or female cone?
female
What are the three main functions of roots?
- Supply plants with water and dissolve nutrients
- Hold plants securely in soil
- Store surplus food
Directions: Answer the statement with the best available option.
Stems help…
A. Support the plant body
B. Transport materials between roots and shoots
C. Store materials like water
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
There are _____ different types of stems.
two
What are the two types of plant stems?
- Herbaceous
- Woody
Directions: True or false? If false, correct the statement.
Woody stems are spongy and flexible, resembling one of a flower.
False. Woody stems are rigid and strong, like a tree.
What are herbaceous stems?
Stems that are spongy and flexible, and they are found on a flower.
Based on the diagram below, what can you conclude about phloem and xylem?
Xylem tissue is usually more toward the inside of a plant compared to phloem.
What is another name for vascular tissue?
vessels
Directions: True or false? If false, correct the statement.
Leaves vary in shapes and sizes.
True
What is the most important function of a leaf?
To make food through the process of photosynthesis
Leaf cells are arranged in ________, allowing the leaf to work _____________.
layers, efficiently
What layer of this leaf has been removed?
Upper epidermis
The __________ layer in a plant leaf is responsible for photosynthesis, containing ______________ that capture light energy and convert it into chemical.
palisade, chloroplasts
Directions: True or false? If false, correct the statement.
The palisade layer in a plant leaf is positioned just beneath the upper epidermis to maximize light absorption.
True
Palisade layer
The xylem and phloem are the two vascular tissue that run through the ______ layer.
spongy
There are a lot of loosely packed cells with _____ spaces in the spongy layer. These spaces allow for the exchange of gases, such as ________ and carbon dioxide, which are vital for photosynthesis and respiration in the plant.
air, oxygen
Spongy layer
What do guard cells and stomata do?
They regulate gas exchange and water loss in plants. The guard cells surround and control the opening and closing of the stomata, which are small pores near the lower epidermis of leaves.
Directions: True or false? If false, correct the statement.
The upper epidermis of leaves is usually not transparent.
False. The upper epidermis of leaves is usually transparent to allow light to penetrate and reach the paliside layer.
Possibility of being a bonus question.
Being as specific as possible, where does photosynthesis take place?
In the grana of the chloroplasts, which are found in the palisade layer
Flowers contain a plant’s _____________ organs, which are the stamen and the ________.
reproductive, pistil
Why do most flowers contain sweet scents and have bright colorings?
To attract bees for pollination
Directions: After being provided the definition, name the term.
The movement of pollen from the anther of one plant (male reproductive part) to the stigma of another (female reproductive part).
pollination
Directions: Answer the statement with the best available option.
Part of a flower eventually turns into a…
A. pistil
B. stamen
C. sepal
D. fruit
D. fruit
The stamen is the basic name for the male reproductive part of a flower. What two parts can the stamen be broken down into?
- The anther
- The filament
The ________ is the first part of the stamen. It is where the ________ is actually produced.
anther, pollen
What does the filament do in flowers?
It is the base of the stamen, and helps it stay upright
In a plant, the female pistil is more complicated than its male counterpart. How many different parts does it have?
four
Fill in the blank:
The ________ is the receptive surface of a flower, where pollen grains land.
stigma
Possibility of being a bonus question.
The style is sometimes also called what?
The pollen tube
What is the main job of the style?
To connect the stigma to the ovary of a flower
List the two main actions that the ovary performs.
- The ovary contains one or more ovules, protecting and nourishing them.
- Once fertilization has taken place, the ovary develops into a fruit.
Pertaining to female plant structures, where are the eggs located?
Inside the ovules
After fertilization, the fertilized _____ within the ovule develops into an embryo. The ovule itself develops into a ______.
egg, seed
Directions: After being provided the role, name the plant part.
- Protects the flower during its bud stage
- Supports the petals
- Plays a role in attracting pollinators
sepal
What is the higher part of a flower stem?
The receptacle
Provide the definition of the term:
Photosynthesis
The process of changing light energy into chemical energy
Fill in the blank:
Plants not only provide food for humans but also ________.
oxygen
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
H20 + CO2 > C6H12O6 + O2
After being provided the definition, name the term:
when cells use oxygen and glucose to make energy (ATP)
(cellular) respiration
What are the two main things that respiration uses (needs)?
- Oxygen
- Glucose
True or false? If false, correct the statement:
Respiration takes place in the lysosomes of the cells.
False. Respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the cells.
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 > CO2 + H2O + ATP
Possibility of being a bonus question:
What are the folds in the inner mitochondria membrane?
Cristae
Possibility of being a bonus question:
Approximately how many units of ATP are made each time respiration occurs?
38
Gas exchange in a plant occurs where?
In the leaf
In gas exchange, _____ enters and ____ exits the leaf. Gases enter through tiny pores in a leaf called _________. They are opened and closed by the _____________.
CO2, O2, stomata, guard cells
Provide the definition of the term:
Transpiration
When plants release water vapor via the stomata
Complete the statement with the best available option:
Transpiration occurs mostly during…
A. Daytime
B. Nighttime
C. Dusk
D. Storms
A. Daytime
Added Information/Explanation:
Transpiration occurs mostly during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight. Sunlight stimulates photosynthesis, which leads to the opening of stomata to allow for the intake of carbon dioxide. Additonally, during the daytime, temperatures are often higher, creating a greater gradient for water movement from the plant to the surrounding air.
A plant’s version of “sweating” would be what?
Transpiration
After being provided the definition, name the term:
Plants reacting to stimulation
Tropisms
Give three different examples of tropisms, and what each of them mean.
- Phototropism - Plants responding to light
- Thigmotropism - Plants responding to touch
- Gravitropism - Plants growing according to gravitational pull
True or false? If false, correct the statement:
Plants can detect the change in seasons.
True
What are some responses to seasonal changes?
clarifier: think about in winter what happens to plants/trees
- Loss of flowers
- Loss of leafs
How does a plant know when a season changes?
clarifier: when plants lose flowers, how do they know it’s winter?
- Change in temperature
- Change in water amount
- Change in daytime hours (days get shorter during autumn/winter)
- Change in chlorophyll amount
