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Science 7 - McQuaid > Final Exam - Assessment > Flashcards

Final Exam - Assessment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is heredity?

A

When parents pass on their genes to their offspring

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2
Q

What would streptococcus look like under a microscope?

The two parts of the name give you a clue

A

Streptococcus cells would appear round, and their bacterial colony would live in a chain

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3
Q

Is chicken pox a bacteria or a virus?

A

virus

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4
Q

What are the four main parts of Natural Selection?

A
  1. Overproduction - Each species produces many offspring that can survive and reproduce
  2. Inherited variation - There are differences among organisms of the same species
  3. Survival of the fittest - Individual organisms with certain traits (or adaptions) have a better chance of surviving
  4. Successful Reproduction - These organisms reproduce, passing on the favorable traits
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5
Q

Who discovered the vaccine for small pox?

A

Edward Jenner

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6
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell?

A

23

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7
Q

What are the differences between a monocot and a dicot?

A
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8
Q

Where are genes found?

A

In your chromosomes

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9
Q

What are alleles?

A

Letter combinations that represent our genetics

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10
Q

What are the four parts of the blood and what are the characteristics of each?

A
  1. Plasma - fluid part (50%)
  2. Red blood cells (RBCs) - carry oxygen
  3. White blood cells (WBCs) - infection fighters
  4. Platelets - help clot the blood
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11
Q

After being provided the definition, name the term:

The first person to classify organisms as animals or plants 2,300 years ago.

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

What is the difference between co-dominance and incomplete dominance?

A
  • Co-dominance - When the two traits are both visible in the phenotype
  • Incomplete dominance - When the traits blend or mix together to form a new trait

Neither trait dominates over the other in co-dominance and incomplete dominance

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13
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

When more than one gene influences a trait

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14
Q

Provide examples of human traits that fall under polygenic inheritance.

A
  • Eye color
  • Hair color
  • Skin color
  • Height
  • Weight
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15
Q

What does it mean to be homozygous dominant?

A

You have two alleles that are the same, and they are both dominant (uppercase)

Ex.) HH, BB, PP, OO

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16
Q

What does it mean to be homozygous recessive?

A

You have two alleles that are the same, and they are both recessive (lowercase)

Ex.) hh, bb, pp, oo

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17
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

You have two alleles that are different for a particular trait

Ex.) Hh, Bb, Pp, Oo

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18
Q

What are the male and female chromosomes?

A
  • Y chromosome - male
  • X chromosome - female
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19
Q

What is a karyotype? What chromosome determines the sex of a baby? What does an extra chromosome on the 21st pair indicate?

A
  1. A karyotype is a picture that allows scientists to study the chromosomes of an individual, sometimes even before birth
  2. The chromosomes that determine the sex of the baby are the 23rd pair
  3. An extra chromosome on the 21st pair indicates that the child has down syndrome
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20
Q

Which blood type is the universal receiver?

A

AB

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21
Q

Who is the Father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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22
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

pedigree

A

a tool used to help trace the occurrence of traits in a family

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23
Q

Fill in the blanks of the pedigree key:

A
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24
Q

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

A
  • Phenotype - The way that genes appear in real life (physical appearance)
  • Genotype - The letter combination that gives you certain traits, or the appearance of genetics in letters

Phenotype example:
blond hair, freckles, blue eyes

Genotype example:
Ab, XY, or BP

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25
Q

Answer the question with the best available option:

In order for a male child to be produced, an egg must be fertilized by a sperm containing what chromosome?
A. X
B. XX
C. Y
D. XY

A

C. Y

An egg already contains an X chromosome, so all it needs is a Y chromosome, not an XY chromosome

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26
Q

What is the hidden allele called?

A

Recessive allele/trait

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27
Q

What are sex linked disorders?

A

Some genes are carried on the sex chromosomes, mainly on the X chromosome. If your X chromosome(s) is/are affected (or contains the “bad” gene), then you have a sex linked disorder.

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28
Q

Provide two examples of sex linked diseases.

A
  1. Color-blindness
  2. Hemophilia
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29
Q

How do you find probability on a Punnett Square?

A

You divide the number of squares representing the genotype or phenotype of interest by the total number of squares

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30
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

vestigial structures

A

Remnants of once-useful structures

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31
Q

Provide three examples of vestigial structures in humans.

A
  1. appendix
  2. tonsils
  3. wisdom teeth
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32
Q

Provide an example of a vestigial structure in whales.

A

femur

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33
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

embryology

A

The science of comparing the similarities of organisms in the early stages of development

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34
Q

What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

A
  • Homologous structures - same bone structure but different jobs (arm of human + flipper of dolphin)
  • Analogous structures - same function but different bones (bird wing + butterfly wing)
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35
Q

What two factors provide the basis for genetic variation within a population?

A
  1. Sexual reproduction (variation in genes)
  2. Genetic mutations
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36
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

inherited variation

A

differences in traits or characteristics among organisms of the same species

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37
Q

Who is the evolution guru?

A

Charles Darwin

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38
Q

What type of rock are most fossils found in?

A

Sedimentary

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39
Q

What is an adaptation and how does it help an organism?

A

An adaptation is a trait or characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

Ex.) webbed feet, camouflage, venom

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40
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

evolution

A

The gradual change in organisms over time (millions of years)

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41
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

selective breeding

A

A process by which humans intentionally breed organisms with desireable traits to produce offspring with those traits

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42
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

interbreeding

A

breeding with an organism that has a similar genetic make-up

If the gray wolf (a subspecies of wolf) came into contact with the North American gray wolf (another subspecies) and successfully reproduced, then they would interbreed and produce hybrid offspring

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43
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

speciation

A

the development of a new species

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44
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

mutation

A

a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

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45
Q

What is the most specific group in the classification system?

A

species

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46
Q

What is a scientific name and what are the rules about writing one?

A
  • A scientific name is the formal system of giving species of organisms a name composed of two parts.
  • There are two major rules about scientific names. The genus name is always capitalized, while the species name is not. Additionally, when typed, the entire scientific name should be italicized, and if written, it should be underlined.

Ex.) Canis lupus

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47
Q

Who is the Father of Taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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48
Q

What are the eight levels of classification in order from largest to smallest?

A
  1. Domains
  2. Kingdoms
  3. Phyla
  4. Classes
  5. Orders
  6. Families
  7. Genera
  8. Species

Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Salad?

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49
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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50
Q

What are the four kingdoms of the domain Eukarya?

A
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  3. Plantae
  4. Animalia
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51
Q

What types of plants are nonvascular?

A
  • Mosses
  • Liverworts
  • Hornworts

(no roots, stems, or leaves)

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52
Q

What is the composition of a virus particle?

A

The center of a virus has nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and the virus particle is surrounded by a protein coat

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53
Q

What is a whip-like tail called?

A

flagellum

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54
Q

What do scientists believe all plants originated from?

A

green algae

image of green algae in a river in China
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55
Q

What is the difference between plant fertilization and pollination?

A
  • Pollination - Pollen is carried from anther to stigma
  • Fertilization - Sperm fuses with egg in ovule and creates a seed
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56
Q

After being provided the characteristics, name the kingdom:

  • Odd organisms
  • Some make their own food, some hunt, and some absorb it
  • Single celled
A

protist

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57
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Some characteristics of fungi are:
* They absorb food
* They contain ________ (cell wall)

A

chitin

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58
Q

List some characteristics of the plant kingdom.

A
  • Make their own food
  • Cellulose (cell wall)
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59
Q

True or false? If false, correct the statement:

Members of the animal kingdom hunt for their food.

A

True

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60
Q

Answer the question with the best available option:

What kingdom contains sense organs?

A. Protista
B. Fungi
C. Plantae
D. Animalia

A

D. Animalia

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61
Q

Fill in the blank:

Animals contain many _____________ systems.

A

specialized

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62
Q

What three environments do archaea like to live in?

A
  1. Salty - Yellow Stone, Dead Sea
  2. Heat - volcano, hot geyser
  3. Methane - swamp, cow intestines
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63
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

through the process of binary fission

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64
Q

What are the cell walls of fungus made of?

A

chitin

pronounced kite-in

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65
Q

What are some examples of fossils?

A
  • Petrified wood
  • Entire organisms preserved in ice, tar, or amber (resin)
  • Molds, casts, or stone imprints
66
Q

Provide the definition of the term:

endospore

A

a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions

67
Q

What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?

A
  • Heterotrophs - consumer (humans)
  • Autotrophs - producers (plants)
68
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. cocci - round
  2. bactilli - rodlike
  3. spirilla - spiral (cork screw)
69
Q

What are four shapes of viruses?

A
  1. Spherical
  2. Cylinder or rod
  3. Crystal or soccer ball
  4. “Space ship”
70
Q

Is strep throat caused by a bacteria or virus?

A

bacteria

“Strep” throat is short for streptococcus, which is a name given to bacterial pathogens

71
Q

What do all of the listen have in common:

  • AIDS
  • measles
  • hepatitis
A

they are all viruses

72
Q

Who made the first vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

73
Q

Answer the question with the best available option:

What is another name for a decomposer?

A. producer
B. gymnosperm
C. angiosperm
D. saprophyte

A

D. saprophyte

74
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Plants that make flowers and contain seeds in fruits

75
Q

Fill in the blanks:

There are _________ and _______ angiosperms.

A

monocot, dicot

76
Q

Give three examples of angiosperms.

A
  1. tulip
  2. orchid
  3. apple tree
77
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

plants that make seeds in cones, and contain needles for leaves

78
Q

Answer the question with the best available option:

What is the most common type of gymnosperm in this area?

A. ginkgoe
B. cycad
C. conifer
D. all of the above

A

C. conifer

79
Q

What is the job of the vertebral column?

A

to protect the spinal cord

80
Q

What are some ways you can prevent the spread of bacteria?

A
  • wash hands with soap and hot water
  • disinfectants
  • antibiotics
  • antiseptics
  • pasteurization
81
Q

What does Staph mean?

A

cluster

82
Q

What does Strepto mean?

A

chain

83
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

when bacteria changes nitrogen into a useable form for plants

84
Q

What are some everyday products that are made with the help of red and brown algae?

A
  • pudding
  • ice cream
  • toothpaste
  • marshmallow

Red and brown algae helps to hold these products together and give them the right consistency

85
Q

After being provided the definition, name the term:

an aid used to identify organisms - based on a series of questions

A

dichotomous key

86
Q

What is a fossil?

A

a preserved trace of once-living organisms

87
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6 + O2

88
Q

What are three examples of vascular, spore forming plants?

A
  1. Ferns
  2. Horsetails
  3. Club moss
89
Q

Where is pollen made?

A

in the anthers

90
Q

What will the ripened ovary of a plant become?

A

a fruit

91
Q

What is the most general division of a plant?

A

nonvascular v. vascular

92
Q

True or false? If false, correct the statement:

Transpiration is when plants release water vapor, it is also their version of sweating (via the stomata).

A

True

93
Q

What are the three main things that plants need to live?

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon dioxide
  3. water
94
Q

What layer of this leaf has been removed?

A

Upper epidermis

95
Q
A

Palisade layer

96
Q
A

Spongy layer

97
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A
  • supply plants with water and disolve nutrients
  • hold plants securely in soil
  • store surplus food
98
Q

What are the functions of stems?

A
  • support the plant body
  • transport material between roots and shoots
  • store materials like water
99
Q

What is the main function of a leaf?

A

to make food through the process of photosynthesis

100
Q

What do the guard cells do?

A

they open and close the stoma

101
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

be as specific as possible

A

in the grana of the chloroplasts, which are found in the palisade layer

102
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

be as specific as possible

A

in the cristae of the mitochondria

103
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + ENERGY (ATP)

Every time cellular respiration occurs, 38 units of ATP are created.

104
Q

What do a fern and a daffodil have in common?

A

they are both vascular plants

A fern is a seedless plant, while a daffodil, being a flowering plant, is an angiosperm, so it’s a seed plant. This means that the only category they have in common is that they are both vascular.

105
Q

What is phototropism?

A

when plants respond to light

106
Q

What are ligaments?

A

connective tissues that connects bone to bone

107
Q

Ankle, wrists, and vertebraes are all example of what joint?

A

gliding

108
Q

How many bones are in an adult human?

A

206

109
Q

Answer the question with the best available option:

What is the longest bone in the human body?

A. patella
B. femur
C. fibia
D. cranium

A

B. femur

110
Q

Which joint moves in a rotating cup?

A

ball-and-socket

111
Q

What is the hard, yellowish part of the bone that reduces friction?

A

Cartilage

112
Q

True or false? If false, correct the statement:

The periosteum is a very thin membrane that covers/protects the bone.

A

True

113
Q

The _________ area of the bone is very rigid and dense. It is where the two types of bone ________ are found.

A

compact, marrow

114
Q

Why is the spongy area of the bone important?

A

It gives the bone extra strength by providing it with a bit of flexibility

115
Q

What part of the blood helps to attract and carry oxygen?

A

red blood cells, with the aid of hemoglobin

116
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Left atrium
  4. Left ventricle
117
Q

Where is the pulmonary vein in a heart diagram? What does this vein do?

A

The pulmonary vein is located on the left side of the heart. It returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, so to locate it, you should look for the vessel entering the left atrium.

118
Q

Fill in the blanks:

In Mendelian punnett squares, there are ___________ letters that represent dominant alleles, and ___________ letters that represent recessive alleles.

A

uppercase, lowercase

119
Q

Create a mendelian punnett square, and list the genotypes + phenotypes:

Homo recessive
x
Heterozygous

brown - dominant (A)
green - recessive (a)

A
  • Genotype - half of the offspring will have Aa, while the other half will have aa
  • Phenotype - half of the offspring will have brown eyes, while the other half will have green
120
Q

List two major rules in co-dominance.

A
  1. All letters are capital
  2. Both colors are visible in the phenotype
121
Q

Create a codominance square, and answer the question after:

Heterozygous
x
Homo recessive

What is the chance of having a brown cow?

brown - dominant (B)
white - recessive (W)

A

zero percent chance

122
Q

After being provided the rules, name what the punnett square type is:

  • All letters are capital
  • Mix or blend together to form a new color
A

Incomplete dominance

123
Q

Create an incomplete dominance square, and answer the question after:

Heterozygous
x
Homo dominant

What percentage of offspring have pink?

red - dominant (R)
white - recessive (W)

A

50%

124
Q

What are the rules for sex-linked disorder punnett squares?

A
  • Use X and Y to represent the sex chromosomes
  • If a sex chromosome is damaged, you put a dot above the chromosome, like an exponent
125
Q

Create a sex-linked disorder square, and answer the question after:

Mom is a carrier
x
Dad is unaffected

What’s the chance of males getting the disease?

A

50%

126
Q

True or false? If false, correct the statement:

Men cannot carry sex-linked disorders.

A

True

127
Q

FIll in the blank:

There are _______ alleles for blood type, also known as multiple alleles.

A

three

128
Q

Fill in the chart with the correct information.

A
129
Q

Match the correct blood types with the descriptions:

  • Heterozygous A
  • Heterozygous B
  • Homozygous A
  • Homozygous B

word bank: AA, BB, BO, AO

A
  • AO
  • BO
  • AA
  • BB
130
Q

Create a blood type square, and answer the question after:

Homozygous A
x
Heterozygous B

Can you list the phenotypes and genotypes?

A
  • Genotype - 50% AB, 50% AO
  • Phenotype - 50% AB, 50% A
131
Q

The stamen is the basic name for the male reproductive part of a flower. What two parts can the stamen be broken down into?

A
  1. The anther
  2. The filament
132
Q

What is the main job of the style?

A

To connect the stigma to the ovary of a flower

133
Q

Pertaining to female plant structures, where are the eggs located?

A

Inside the ovules

134
Q

Directions: After being provided the role, name the plant part.

  • Protects the flower during its bud stage
  • Supports the petals
  • Plays a role in attracting pollinators
A

sepal

135
Q

What is the higher part of a flower stem?

A

The receptacle

136
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The ________ is the first part of the stamen. It is where the ________ is actually produced.

A

anther, pollen

137
Q

What does the filament do in flowers?

A

It is the base of the stamen, and helps it stay upright

138
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

cranium

139
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

clavicle

140
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

temporal bone

141
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

femur

142
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

humerus

143
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

pelvis

144
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

scapula

145
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

fibula

146
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

radius

147
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

coccyx

148
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

maxilla

149
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

tibia

150
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

sternum

151
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

sacrum

152
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

metatarsals

153
Q

What bone of the humman skeleton has been removed?

A

ulna

154
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

vertebrae

155
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

mandible

156
Q

What bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

ribs

157
Q

Which bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

carpals

158
Q

Which bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

phalanges

159
Q

Which bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

patella

160
Q

Which bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

metacarpals

161
Q

Which bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

phalanges

162
Q

Which bone of the human skeleton has been removed?

A

tarsals

Science 7 - McQuaid (20 decks)

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