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Science 7 - McQuaid > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In the 1660s, Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. He named the small box-like structures cells, or __________ in Latin.

Possibility of being a bonus question

A
  1. Little rooms
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2
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life
  3. All cells come from cells that already exist
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3
Q

One general type of cell is a prokaryotic cell. What are the two main characteristics of these types of cells?

A
  1. They have no nucleus
  2. They have no membrane bound organelles
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4
Q

What are the two types of prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea

Reminder- a prokaryotic cell is a cell with no nucleus. A way to remember it is think about “pro” and “no”

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5
Q

As you know, prokaryotic cells are broken down into two groups - bacteria and archaea. What are the main characteristics of both?

A

Bacteria
* Most common prokaryotic
* Single celled
* Have long circular DNA
* Have ribosomes
Archaea
* Also singled celled
* Also have ribosomes - DNA
* They live in extreme places

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6
Q

Who was Matthias Schleiden? What did he conclude?

A
  1. Matthias Schleiden was a scientist in 1838 who was studying plants through a microscope
  2. He concluded that all plant parts are made of cells
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7
Q

Who was Theodor Schwann?
What did he conclude?

A
  1. Theodor Schwann was a scientist in 1839 who was studying animals.
  2. He concluded that all animal tissues are made of cells
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8
Q

True or False? If false, correct the statement.
Rudolph Virchow was a doctor in 1858 who concluded that all cells came from other cells.

A

True

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9
Q

What are some examples of where archaea live?

Remember - archaea love to live in extreme places.

A
  1. They love heat - volcanos
  2. They love salt - Dead Sea
  3. They love methane - swamps, cow intestines
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10
Q

What is another name for archaea?

Huge chance to be a bonus

A
  1. Extremophiles

Extremophiles are organisms that can survive in extreme environments. Very easy to remember.

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11
Q

The second general type of cell is a eukaryotic cell. What are three characteristics of these types of cells?

Hint: Think opposite of prokaryotic

A
  1. They have a nucleus
  2. They have membrane bound organelles
  3. Most of them are multicellular
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12
Q

What are examples of organisms with eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Humans
  2. Other Animals
  3. Plants
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13
Q

Given the definition of the organelle, name it.
The outer boundary of the cell that holds everything inside; only allows certain things in and out of the cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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14
Q

What is the definition of semi-permeable?
What organelle can be described using this word?

A
  1. Semi-permeable is when you allow only certain things in and out of the cell
  2. The cell membrane
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15
Q

True or False? If false, correct the statement
The cell membrane is made up of a double layer of lipids and oxygen molecules.

A
  1. False
  2. The cell membrane is made up of a double layer of lipids and protein
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16
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

Hint: It acts like the steel girders in a skyscraper

A
  1. The cytoskeleton is the web of proteins that support the cell membrane, and keeps it from collapsing.
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17
Q

How many types of protein is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

3

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18
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton located?

A
  1. In the cytoplasm - the gel-like material inside the cell membrane
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19
Q

What part of the cell contains all of the organelles?

A
  1. The cytoplasm
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20
Q

The cytoplasm is made mostly of _________

A

Water

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21
Q

What does the nucleus do?

Hint: It’s like the boss or CEO

A
  1. It directs all the activities inside of the cell; acts like the “brain” of the cell
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22
Q

True or false? If false, correct the statement.
The nucleus is the largest organelle in plant cells.

A
  1. False
  2. The nucleus is the largest organelle in animal cells.
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23
Q

The nucleus contains two very important organelles. What are they?

A
  1. The nucleolus
  2. Chromosomes
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24
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A
  1. The nucleolus is involved in making ribosomes, which are like the cell’s protein-making factories.
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25
Q

What do chromosomes do?

Hint: Think of an instruction manual.

A
  1. Chromosomes supply genetic information in the form of genes.

Genes provide instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the cell’s functions and characteristics.

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26
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Hint: It acts like the conveyor belt in a factory

A
  1. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a long, folded membrane that moves materials around inside of the cell
27
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum extends from the ___________________

A

Nuclear membrane (nucleus)

28
Q

What are the two types of ER? What do they do?

A
  1. Smooth ER - makes lipids and breaks down toxins
  2. Rough ER - moves ribosomes throughout the cell
29
Q

Ribosomes are small structures that produce _________.

A

Protein

30
Q

Ribosomes are found in two places. What are these two places?

A
  1. They can be found floating in the cytoplasm
  2. They are also commonly found on the Rough ER
31
Q

Unlike other organelles, ribosomes are not ______________

A

Membrane-covered

32
Q

What are the different names for the Golgi Complex?

A
  1. Golgi Apparatus
  2. Golgi Bodies
33
Q

What are Golgi Bodies?

Hint: Think of the loading dock in a factory

A
  1. Golgi Bodies are membrane-covered sacs that package and secrete materials outside of the cells
34
Q

The newly packaged materials from the Golgi Bodies pinch off into small sacs called ___________.

A

Vesicles

Vesicles move material within the cell.

35
Q

What are lysosomes?

Hint: Think of an incinerator

A
  1. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain chemicals to digest wastes and worn-out cell parts
36
Q

Lysosomes are found mainly in _________________.

A

Animal cells

37
Q

What are mitochondria?

Hint: Think of them like the generators of the cell

A
  1. Mitochondria are organelles that break down glucose from food to release stored energy (cellular respiration)
38
Q

Why do muscle cells have thousands of mitochondria?

A
  1. They are constantly working and need energy
39
Q

Mitochondria have an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The folded, internal membrane is called ______________.

A

Cristae

40
Q

Why are the inner membrane of mitochondria folded?

A
  1. Folds provide more surface area for chemical reactions to occur
41
Q

Mitochondria have their own DNA. Is this DNA from your mother or your father?

A
  1. Your mother (maternal DNA)
42
Q

Vacuoles are like the warehouse of the cell. Like lysosomes, they are __________. Most are the ____________ areas of the cell. They may store _________________, _________________, or _______________.

A

Vesicles, storage, food, water, waste

43
Q

True or False? If false, correct the statement.
Cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles are mainly found in plant cells.

A

True

44
Q

What is the rigid, box-like structure that surrounds the outside of the cell membrane (found only in plant cells)?

A

The cell wall

The cell wall, found only in plant cells, support and protect the cell.

45
Q

The cell wall is made mostly of a tough fiber called ____________. __________ cannot digest this fiber.

A

Cellulose, animals

46
Q

Fungi and algae also have cell walls, but they are made of a complex sugar called ___________.

A

Chitin (pronounced k, might be a bonus)

47
Q

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) also have cell walls, but they are made of different material than _________ or ___________.

A

Plants, fungus

48
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A
  1. The organelles that change light energy into chemical energy; they change sunlight energy into glucose
49
Q

Chloroplasts contain the green pigment ________________

A

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is the reason plants outside are green. In the fall, when the chloroplasts die out, the other colors of the plants emerge, which is when you see the orange, red, and yellow.

50
Q

Plants are able to make their own food through the process of _____________________.

A

Photosynthesis

51
Q

Plant cells have a large _________ in the center of the cell that contains ____________. It helps ____________ the plant cell. Some plants ___________ when their _______________________ lose ____________.

A

Vacuole, water, hydrate, wilt, large central vacuole, water

52
Q

What does a typical prokaryotic (bacteria) cell consist of?

A
  1. The cell wall
  2. The cell membrane
  3. The flagellum (whip-like tail)
  4. A single chromosone (DNA)
  5. Ribosomes
53
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells contain a flagellum?

A

No, not all of them do.

54
Q

Why do cells come in many different shapes and sizes?

A
  1. They all have different jobs to do, and their form is adapted to their specific functions and environments
55
Q

What are three different types of human cells?

A
  1. Nerve cells
  2. Red blood cells
  3. Sperm cells
56
Q

In a one-celled organism, the organism (or cell) performs all of the ______________ by itself.

A

Life functions

57
Q

What are some benefits of being multicellular?

A
  1. You are usually larger
  2. Longer life span
  3. More specialized
58
Q

A group of similar cells working together is called what?

A

A tissue

59
Q

What are some examples of tissues?

A
  1. Connective Tissue
  2. Epitheial Tissue

Epithelial tissue lines the surface of organs, forms protective layers, and helps with absorption, secretion, and sensation. Examples include the skin’s epidermis.

Connective Tissue provides structural support, connects and holds organs in place, and is often involved in transporting substances. Examples include bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood.

60
Q

A group of different ________ working together to do a particular job is called an organ.

A

Tissues

61
Q

What are three examples of organs?

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Brain
  3. Heart
62
Q

What is a/an (organ) system?

A

A/an (organ) system is a group of organs working together

63
Q

What are three examples of (organ) systems?

A
  1. Respiratory System
  2. Nervous System
  3. Cardiovascular System
64
Q

Organ systems work together to make an ______________.

A

Organism

Science 7 - McQuaid (20 decks)

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