Unit 9: Developmental

Question 1

The name for a human egg immediately after it has been fertilized

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

Ten days after conception, a baby is called a a(n)___________

Answer 2

Embryo

Question 3

9 weeks after conception, a baby is called a(n) ______________

Answer 3

Fetus

Question 4

Harmful agents that can attack an embryo

Answer 4

Teratogen

Question 5

A disorder caused by consuming alcohol during pregnancy, characterized by disproportionately small head and brain damage

Answer 5

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 6

Piaget’s term for the organizational structure for objects (e.g. “Cow” is something that is black and white, large, has four legs, and moos)

Answer 6

Schema

Question 7

The process of adding to a schema (e.g. If you see a brown cow, you have to include “brown” to the schema description that might have previously only included black and white)

Answer 7

Assimilation

Question 8

The process of refining a schema (e.g. Your schema for ‘cow’ might be “black and white and large” - until you meet a Zebra - then the schema needs refining)

Answer 8

Accomodation

Question 9

Vygotsky’s concept of providing cognitive support for a child

Answer 9

Scaffolding

Question 10

The term Vygotsky uses for the optimal skill level of a new task to be learned by a child. At the lower level, the task might could be learned on one’s own, and at the upper level, scaffolding may be needed to learn the task.

Answer 10

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 11

A point in developmental time when a child can learn a skill most efficiently and quickly.

Answer 11

Critical Period

Question 12

The name for a critical period at the beginning of life in animals where they learn extremely quickly (e.g. the first thing a newborn bird sees might become what it thinks of as “mother”)

Answer 12

Imprinting

Question 13

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Answer 13

Temperament

Question 14

Assuming an infant is brought up in the “correct” way - they will develop this - which means that they see the world as a basically good place.

Answer 14

Basic Trust

Question 15

Who am I?

Answer 15

Self-Concept

Question 16

How good do I feel about myself?

Answer 16

Self-Esteem

Question 17

What are the four stages ages in Piaget’s stages of development

Answer 17

1. Sensorimotor (Birth - 2)
2. Preoperational (2-7)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
4. Formal Operational (11-Adult)

Question 18

What are the ages and characteristics of the sensorimotor stage of development

Answer 18

Sensorimotor
Age: Birth - 2 years
Characteristics: Experience the world through their senses (look, hear, touch…)
Develop “Object Permanence” during this stage

Question 19

What are the ages and characteristics of the Peroperational stage of development

Answer 19

Preoperational
Age: 2 - 7
Characteristics: Beginning to use symbols (language) to represent objects. Use intuitive rather than logical reasoning
* Exhibit egocentrism and “pretend play”

Question 20

The “me-centered” ideology of a child, where they believe that all other people feel, act, think, and even see what they do.

Answer 20

Egocentrism

Question 21

If you are able to play peek-a-boo with a child, and they think you have left when hiding behind your hands, they have not yet developed ___________________

Answer 21

Object permanence

Question 22

Describe the ages and characteristics of Piaget’s “Concrete Operational” stage of development

Answer 22

Concrete Operational
Age: 7 - 11
Characteristics: Able to think in concrete ways, but not abstractly
Develop a sense of conservation of liquid during this stage
Are able to do mathematical transformation

Question 23

What is a conservation task?

Answer 23

An example of a conservation task would be showing a child two equal volumes of liquid in two equally shaped glasses, and then pouring one of the glasses into a tall, thin glass, and asking which is “more” (“They are the same” would be the correct answer)

Question 24

Describe the ages and characteristics of Piaget’s “Formal Operational” stage of development

Answer 24

Formal Operational
Age: 11 - adult
Characteristics:
Able to think abstractly
Able to use moral reasoning

Question 25

What are the three parenting styles, and briefly describe them

Answer 25

1. Authoritarian - Demanding, no exceptions to rules, “because I said so” - (i.e. drill sergeant)
2. Permissive - Submit to children’s desires, few rules, small or nonexistent punishments.
3. Authoritative - Mix between authoritarian and permissive… rules, but provides exceptions when necessary and explains the reasons for rules

Question 26

What is the (typical) result of the three parenting styles

Answer 26

Authoritarian - Lower social skills, lower self-esteem
Permissive - Aggressive and immature
Authoritative - Higher Self-Esteem, self-reliant, socially competent

Question 27

Male sex hormone

Answer 27

Testosterone

Question 28

The way we are expected to act in any given situation

Answer 28

Role

Question 29

The way you are expected to act with respect to gender in any given situation

Answer 29

Gender Role

Question 30

Kohlberg’s idea that we develop our roles from watching others

Answer 30

Social Learning Theory

Question 31

What are the three moral developmental stages according to Kohlberg

Answer 31

1. Preconventional Morality - follow rules because of consequences)
2. Conventional Morality - follow rules simply because they are rules
3. Postconventional Morality - follow (or don’t follow) rules based on situational factors, rather than simply because of rules

Question 32

Type of study which examines people over time. Uses different individuals for each time period. (e.g. Ask a 10 year old, 15 year old, and 20 year old the same question to examine any developmental differences)

Answer 32

Cross-Sectional Study

Question 33

Type of study which examines people over time. Uses the same individuals for each time period. (e.g. Ask a 10 year old a question, then ask them again when they are 15, and again when they are 20)

Answer 33

Longitudinal Study

Question 34

What are the two types of intelligence, and briefly describe them

Answer 34

Crystallized (Accumulation of knowledge)

Fluid (Abstract reasoning ability)

Question 35

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for humans from infancy to 1 year?

Answer 35

Trust vs. Mistrust

If needs are met, infants develop a basic sense of trust

Question 36

What are Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of development?

Answer 36

A series of 8 developmental stages in named for the results of “passing” or “failing” those stages (e.g. ‘Trust’ vs ‘Mistrust’ would mean a child would learn to ‘Trust’ upon passing, and ‘Mistrust’ upon failure)

Question 37

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for toddlers (1 to 3 years)

Answer 37

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlers learn to exercise their will, or doubt their abilities

Question 38

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for Preschoolers (3 to 6 years)

Answer 38

Initiative vs Guilt

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks, or feel guilty about their independence

Question 39

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for Elementary School children (6 - puberty)

Answer 39

Industry vs. Inferiority

Feel pleasure applying themselves, or feel inferior

Question 40

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for Adolescents (Teens - 20’s)

Answer 40

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Test out integrating and refining new roles for the self, or become confused

Question 41

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for Young Adults (20s to 40s)

Answer 41

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Form close relationships, or feel isolated

Question 42

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for Middle Adults (40s to 60s)

Answer 42

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Sense of contribution, or lack of purpose

Question 43

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage for Late Adults (60s +)

Answer 43

Integrity vs. Despair

Upon life reflection, satisfaction or failure