Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

McGuinness AP Psychology > Unit 6: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 6: Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances

A

Adaptability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A decreasing response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure

A

Habituation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Learning through two or more events that happen together.

A

Associative Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be studied only through observable behaviors that are objectively quantifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Founder of Behaviorism

A

John Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning through a system of pairing an unrelated stimulus (CS) with a naturally stimulus/response pair. (UCS/UCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Using rewards and punishments to increase or decrease behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that *automatically* (no learning required) triggers a response (e.g. The food that is given to trigger salivation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The unlearned, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivation in response to food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not trigger a response. It will become the conditioned stimulus after it is successfully paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that previously did not trigger a response, but presenting immediately before the unconditioned stimulus, triggers a response similar to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. The bell ringing before food is given, which eventually causes the dog to salivate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Conditioned Response

A

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been successfully paired with the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The initial process of pairing the neutral (which becomes conditioned) stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.

A

Acquisition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The unconditioned stimulus is paired with a new (second) conditioned stimulus - This stimulus will give a similar but weaker response as the original conditioned stimulus

A

High-Order (AKA Second-Order) Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The diminishing of a conditioned response due to it no longer being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

18
Q

The sudden re-occurrence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus after extinction due to re-pairing with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Spontaneous Recovery

19
Q

If, once conditioning has occurred, a person also reacts to stimuli that are slightly different from the original conditioned stimulus (e.g. Reacting to all small mammals if the original CS was a kitten)

A

Generalization

20
Q

If, once conditioning has occurred, a person only reacts to the specific qualities of the original CS (e.g. If the original CS was a kitten, reacting *only* to that specific type of kitten, rabbits, or full-grown cats)

A

Discrimination

21
Q

If a person (or animal) “gives up” after repeatedly being punished or failing a task, even if they could have succeeded had they tried. (e.g. Stop trying in math class after receiving several failing grades)

A

Learned Helplessness

22
Q

Genetic qualities that make it more likely for a person to form associations

A

Biological Predispositions

23
Q

In John Watson and Resalie Rayner’s 1920 experiment on baby Albert, what was the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?

A

UCS: Loud Noise UCR: Afraid CS: White Rat CR: Afraid of white rats

24
Q

What is the role of biology in associative learning?

A

Biological/evolutionary predispositions can influence how easily associations are made (e.g. it is easier for us to pair a negative emotion with spiders than it is for bunnies)

25
Q

Shaping

A

The use of operant conditioning (usually positive reinforcement) to train complex behaviors (reinforcing piece-by-piece)

26
Q

The person most closely associated with Operant Conditioning

A

B.F.Skinner

27
Q

The container used in operant conditioning where animals (often pigeons) were placed to easily and rapidly reinforce their behavior

A

Operant Conditioning Chamber - a.k.a. “Skinner Box”

28
Q

Positive reinforcement that is innately pleasurable

A

Primary reinforcer (food, drink, sex, feel-good drugs)

29
Q

Positive reinforcement that is reinforcing, because it *represents* something that is innately pleasurable

A

Secondary reinforcer (money, grades, tokens,…)

30
Q

A mental representation of a physical location

A

Cognitive map

31
Q

When a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning

A

Insight

32
Q

The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment

A

intrinsic motivation

33
Q

The desire to engage in an activity in order to obtain an outcome

A

extrinsic motivation

34
Q

How is superstitious behavior explained by operant conditioning?

A

Reinforced behavior, even if it is accidental, is more likely to be repeated (e.g. sneezing before scratching off a winning lottery number will likely reinforce sneezing)

35
Q

What happened in the “Bobo Doll” experiments?

A

Children watched adults either (1) beat up on, or (2) play nicely with, a inflated clown doll (“Bobo” doll), and played with the doll in a similar way as the adults - the experiment shows *Observational Learning*

36
Q

Who was the primary experimenter in the “Bobo Doll” experiments?

A

Albert Bandura

37
Q

Phobia

A

“Irrational” fear

38
Q

What are the four combinations of the schedules of reinforcement and what do they mean?

A
  1. Fixed Ratio
  2. Variable Ratio
  3. Fixed Interval
  4. Variable Interval

Fixed = You know when reinforcement will occur

Variable = Reinforcement occurs randomly

Interval = Reinforcement based on time

Ratio = Reinforcement based on action

39
Q

What are the four combinations of HOW a stimulus is reinforced, and what do they mean?

A
  1. Positive Punishment
  2. Positive Reinforcement
  3. Negative Punishment
  4. Negative Reinforcement

Positive: Added

Negative: Taken away

Reinforcement: Designed to increase a behavior

Punishment: Designed to decrease a behavior

40
Q

What is the name of the schedule of reinforcement in which a person is rewarded *every *time they do something?

A

Continuous

41
Q

Three types of ineffective methods of Classical Conditioning

A
  • Trace Conditioning
    • CS
    • Short Break
    • UCS
  • Simultaneous Conditioning
    • CS and UCS presented at the same time
  • Backwards Conditioning
    • UCS presented before CS

McGuinness AP Psychology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions