Unit 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What are the four major theoretical approaches for psychological treatment?
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Most counseling psychologists draw from more than one theoretical approach - this is called:
Eclectic
What are some of the major problems with a person in therapy according to psychoanalysis
Past trauma Underdeveloped superego Overdeveloped Id Repressed desires ...
What is the main focus of therapy in psychoanalysis
To uncover the unconscious using projective tests
When a person uses their mental “filter” during a projective test - which prevents their unconscious from truly coming out
Resistance
The subjective “grading” of projective tests
Interpretation
Tests in psychoanalysis designed to uncover a person’s unconscious thoughts
Projective tests
Patients can sometimes transfer their thoughts or emotions onto a therapist
Transferrence
What are some ways that humanistic perspective differs from psychoanalytic
- Focus on achieving full potential (good) instead of repressed trauma (bad)
- Focus on present and future instead of past
- Focus on a client’s dynamic ability to change their future instead of learning how past events have altered their lives
The process of accepting a client regardless of their circumstances proposed by Carl Rogers
Unconditional Positive Regard
Slowly and gradually exposing a client to their fears to decondition them
Systematic Desensitization
Pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior with hopes of eliminating the behavior
Aversive conditioning
A system of representative money to reward good behavior (e.g. Monopoly money given in class for correct answers could be cashed in for candy at the end of the semester)
Token economy
The irrational “end of the world” thoughts a person might have about anxiety provoking situations
Catastrophizing beliefs
The most effective, and most widely used combination of the four theoretical perspectives
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Psychotherapist with a medical doctor’s licence - able to prescribe medicine
Psychiatrist
Counselor with a PhD level education that primarily deals with more severe mental disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar,…) - cannot prescribe medicine in most states
Clinical Psychologist
Counselor with a master’s level education that deals mostly with less severe, or day-to-day struggles (e.g. Major depression, anxiety, marital issues, substance abuse)
Counselor (Many licenses would apply for this description, such as a “Licenced Professional Counselor, or LPC)
The study of drugs and their effects
Psychopharmacology
Neurotransmitter that deals with movement
Acetylcholine
Possible symptoms of having too much acetylcholine
Seizures
Possible symptoms of having too little acetylcholine
Paralysis
Disorder relating to an overabundance of dopamine
Schizophrenia
Disorder relating to a shortage of dopamine
Parkinson’s Disease
Disorder relating to a shortage of Serotonin
Depression
A synthetic neurotransmitter which mimics the actual neurotransmitter well enough to bind to the receptor site AND send a signal to the dendrite of a neighboring neuron
Agonist
A synthetic neurotransmitter which mimics the actual neurotransmitter well enough to clog up the receptor site so that other neurotransmitters are unable to bind (but not well enough to send a signal to the dendrite of a neuron)
Antagonist
The process of reabsorption of neurotransmitters from the synapse back into the axon terminal
Reuptake
The process by which the body reduces its naturally occurring neurotransmitters to compensate for increased levels of synthetic neurotransmitters (e.g. drugs)
Tolerance
The unpleasant feelings associated with the body’s reduced level of natural neurotransmitters, after achieving tolerance with a drug - and quitting the drug
Withdrawal
One possible negative side effect of prolonged use of anti-psychotic drugs - similar to Parkinson’s disease
Tardive Dyskinesia
An antidepressant class of drug that works by forcing serotonin to remain in the synapse so that it is more easily accessible
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
Typical length of time for an SSRI to take effect
2-3 weeks
Other empirically validated therapies (non-drug)
Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Deep Brain Stimulation
What disorder is Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy used for?
Major Depression
The now unused process of sticking an ice pick into a person’s head and wiggling it around to selectively destroy brain tissue
Lobotomy
Six suggested lifestyle changes, that had a 48% increase over controls in experimental trials in persons with psychological disorders
- Aerobic Exercise
- Adequate Sleep
- Exposure to Light
- Social Connection
- Anti-Rumination (don’t continually think about the disorder)
- Nutritional Suppliments
