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McGuinness AP Psychology > Unit 5: States of Consciousness > Flashcards

Unit 5: States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

Consciousness

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2
Q

Our biological clock that keeps us on (roughly) a 24 hour sleep/wake cycle

A

Circadian rhythm

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3
Q

Small rice-sized part of the hypothalamus that controls our sleep/wake cycle.

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

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4
Q

Body’s naturally occurring sleep-inducing hormone

A

Melatonin

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5
Q

What are the five stages of sleep, in order?

A
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6
Q

How many minutes (roughly) does it take to cycle through the five stages of sleep?

A

90 minutes

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7
Q

Sleep stage accompanied by jerky, rapid eye movements

A

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep

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8
Q

Device used to measure brain wave activity during sleep

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

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9
Q

What is the name of the brain waves while you are conscious and awake?

A

Alpha waves

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10
Q

Hallucinations that occur while trying to enter sleep (between Alpha and Stage 1 sleep)

Commonly described as being pressed down into your bed, or floating off the bed.

A

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

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11
Q

Hallucinations that occur immediately after waking (after a full sleep cycle)

A

Hypnopompic Hallucinations

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12
Q

Sensory experiences without a sensory stimulus

A

Hallucination

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13
Q

Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity during stage 2 sleep

A

sleep spindles

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14
Q

Large slow brain waves emitted during stage 3 and 4 sleep

A

Delta waves

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15
Q

Which stage of sleep is the hardest to wake a person from?

A

Stage 3 and 4 (delta waves)

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16
Q

Stage of sleep near the end of the cycle characterized by a rise in heart rate, and rapid “saw-toothed” brain waves, similar to alpha (awake) waves

A

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep

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17
Q

The name for all sleep stages except REM

A

NREM

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18
Q

Recurring inability to fall asleep naturally

A

Insomnia

19
Q

Sleep condition characterized by experiences of extreme overwhelming sleepiness

A

Narcolepsy

20
Q

Condition characterized by periods of time (~60 seconds) without breathing during sleep

A

Sleep Apnea

21
Q

Sleep condition mostly in children, characterized by periodic episodes of doubled heart and breathing rates, and feelings of terror or dread

A

Night terror

Night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep

Nightmares occur during REM sleep

22
Q

The actual content or storyline of our dreams

A

Manifest content

23
Q

The deeper, symbolic meaning of the objects or story of our dreams

A

Latent content

24
Q

What are some of the theories as to why we dream?

A

Satisfies wishes (Freud)

File away memories

Develop and preserve neural pathways

Makes sense of neural static

Reflects cognitive development

25
Q

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods

A

Psychoactive drugs

26
Q

Diminishing effects from the same dosage of a drug due to continued use

A

Tolerance

27
Q

Discomfort and distress following discontinuation of an addictive drug

A

Withdrawal

28
Q

Physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

A

Physical dependence

29
Q

The intense feeling of needing to use a drug, when the drug does not have any withdrawal symptoms when discontinued

A

Psychological dependence

30
Q

Compulsive craving for a substance despite aversive consequences

A

Addiction

31
Q

Class of drugs that calm neural activity and slow body function, including:

alcohol, barbituates (tranquilizers), opiates

A

Depressants

32
Q

Barbituates

A

Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

33
Q

Class of drug that depresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety; includes opium, morphine and heroin

A

Opiates

34
Q

Class of drug that excites neural activity and speeds up body functions (e.g. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, extacy)

A

Stimulant

35
Q

Amphetamines

A

A stimulant drug that stimulates neural activity, speeds up body functions, and is associated with energy and mood changes

36
Q

Methamphetamine

A

An extremely addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, speeds up body functions, and causes energy and mood swings.

Causes the release of dopamine, which lowers baseline dopamine levels with continued use.

37
Q

Nicotine

A

Addictive drug found in tobacco products

  1. Arouses the brain
  2. Increases heart rate and blood pressure
  3. Relaxes muscles and triggers stress-relieving neurotransmitters
  4. Reduces circulation to extremities
  5. Suppresses appetite
38
Q

Cocaine

A

Causes the brain to release dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine (causing feelings of euphoria) - lasts for 15 to 30 minutes, followed by a crash.

39
Q

Ecstacy

A

“Molly” - Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Works by causing the release of dopamine, and preventing the reuptake of serotonin.

Causes feelings of euphoria and social closeness

Causes dehydration, impaired memory, and can harm serotonin producing cells in the body.

40
Q

Class of drugs including LSD and “magic mushrooms” that distort perceptions and cause hallucinations

A

Hallucinogens

41
Q

LSD

A

“acid” - Developed by a Swedish chemist in 1943 - powerful hallucinogenic drug

In addition to hallucinations, can cause feelings of euphoria, detachment, or panic.

42
Q

Marijuana

A

Contains the active ingredient THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)

Effects are felt in roughly 7 seconds from smoking.

Causes feelings of euphoria and may produce mild hallucinations. Does not produce typical tolerance effects.

May be linked with an increase risk of developing psychological disorders later in life

43
Q

Opiate drugs (feel good and pain relieving) which exist and are released naturally in our brain

A

Endorphins

44
Q

A split between different levels of consciousness

A

Dissociation

McGuinness AP Psychology (20 decks)

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