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AP Psychology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies, physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg, 2-week period of cell division, then develops into an embryo

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3
Q

Embryo

A

Developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization - 2 months

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4
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception-birth

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

“Monster makers”, chemicals & viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical & cognitive abnormalities in children caused by the mother’s heavy drinking

I.E. -> abnormal facial-features, behavioral issues

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7
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure, they look away sooner

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8
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9
Q

Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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10
Q

Schema

A

A concept/framework that organizes & interprets info

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new experiences in terms of old/existing schemas

(Kids may call 4-legged animals dogs)

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info

(OG dog schema is too broad)

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13
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, stage from birth-2 years where infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

(Hearing, looking)

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14
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist, even when not perceived

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15
Q

Conservation

A

The principal that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects (part of concrete operational reasoning)

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Praget’s theory, the child’s difficulty taking another point of view

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17
Q

Theory of mind

A

Peoples ideas about their own and others mental states, how this would predict feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

(Why someone is angry)

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18
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, state of cognitive development from 7-11 where children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (conservation????????????)

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19
Q

Formal operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, stage of cognitive development beginning at 12 where people being to think logically about abstract concepts (moral reasoning)

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20
Q

Scaffold

A

Framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

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21
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

Appears in childhood, marked by significant deficiencies is in communication and social interaction, fixated interests, and repetitive actions

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22
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Begins at about 8 months, infants display a fear of strangers

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23
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person, shown in younger children by their seeking of closeness with their caregiver and showing distress during separation

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24
Q

Critical period

A

An optimal period early in life when exposure a certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development (contact & familiarity)

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25
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

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26
Q

Strange situation

A

Procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth for studying child caregiver attachment, the child’s reaction is observed when placed an unfamiliar environment while the caregiver leaves, then returns

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27
Q

Secure attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments while in the presence with their caregiver, and only show temporary distress when they leave, and find comfort when the caregiver returns

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28
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants, who are super clingy, have anxious or avoidant attachment, and resists closeness

29
Q

Tempermant

A

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity

30
Q

Basic trust

A

Erik Erikson - a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

31
Q

Self-concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and the answer to the question “Who am I?”

32
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

They have rules and expect obedience

33
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Have rules, but allow exceptions and discussions

34
Q

Permissive parents

A

Don’t have rules, little punishment

35
Q

Negligent parents

A

Uninvolved, don’t care

36
Q

Sex

A

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

37
Q

Gender

A

Socially influenced characteristics, by which people define boy, girl, man, woman

38
Q

Aggression

A

Any verbal or physical behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

39
Q

Relational aggression

A

An active aggression intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing

40
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

41
Q

Gender role

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or females

42
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male, female, or our combination of the two

43
Q

Social learning theory

A

Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and by being rewarded and punished

44
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional male or female role

45
Q

Androgyny

A

Displaying both traditional, masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

46
Q

Transgender

A

Umbrella term describing people whose general identity/expression differs from their birth-designated sex

47
Q

Adolescence

A

Transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

48
Q

Puberty

A

Period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproducing

49
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self, Erikson: adolescence’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing various roles

50
Q

Social identity

A

The “we“ aspect of our self-concept, the answer to “Who am I?” that comes from group memberships.

51
Q

Intimacy

A

(Erikson) ability to form close relationships, primary developmental took place in young adulthood

52
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

18-mid 20’s, or in Western cultures, no longer adolescents, but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

53
Q

X Chromosomes

A

Sex chromosomes in males and females, females have an 2 X, males have 1.

54
Q

Y chromosome

A

Sex chromosome typically only found in males

55
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone, in both males and females - more in males

56
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries, testes)

57
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Non-reproductive sexual traits (breasts, hips) (voice, body hair)

58
Q

Spermarche

A

First ejaculation

59
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

60
Q

Intersex

A

Condition at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones and anatomy, possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

61
Q

AIDS

A

Life-threatening STI caused by HIU, deplete immune system

62
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Our enduring sexual attraction, usually to opposite sex, our own sex, or both

63
Q

Menopause

A

Time of natural end of menstruation, also refers to biological changes in women as her ability to reproduce declines

64
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

65
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research that follows and retests the same people overtime

66
Q

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDS)

A

Acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits, often related to Alzheimer’s, brain injury, or substance abuse

67
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Neurocognitive disorder marked by a neural plagues, often after 80, progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

68
Q

Social clock

A

Culturally preferred timing of social events (marriage, parenthood, retirement)

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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