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AP Psychology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies, physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg, 2-week period of cell division, then develops into an embryo

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3
Q

Embryo

A

Developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization - 2 months

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4
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception-birth

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

“Monster makers”, chemicals & viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical & cognitive abnormalities in children caused by the mother’s heavy drinking

I.E. -> abnormal facial-features, behavioral issues

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7
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure, they look away sooner

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8
Q

Maturation

A

A natural growth process that leads to predictable changes in behavior, mostly unaffected by experience.

To developmental psychologists, it is a biological sequence, not a term to describe becoming more like an adult

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9
Q

Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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10
Q

Schema

A

A concept/framework that organizes & interprets info

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new experiences in terms of old/existing schemas

(Kids may call 4-legged animals dogs)

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info

(OG dog schema is too broad)

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13
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, stage from birth-2 years where infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

(Hearing, looking)

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14
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist, even when not perceived

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15
Q

Conservation

A

The principal that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects (part of concrete operational reasoning)

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Praget’s theory, the child’s difficulty taking another point of view

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17
Q

Theory of mind

A

Peoples ideas about their own and others mental states, how this would predict feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

(Why someone is angry)

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18
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, state of cognitive development from 7-11 where children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (conservation????????????)

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19
Q

Formal operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, stage of cognitive development beginning at 12 where people being to think logically about abstract concepts (moral reasoning)

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20
Q

Scaffold

A

Framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

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21
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

Appears in childhood, marked by significant deficiencies is in communication and social interaction, fixated interests, and repetitive actions

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22
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Begins at about 8 months, infants display a fear of strangers

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23
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person, shown in younger children by their seeking of closeness with their caregiver and showing distress during separation

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24
Q

Critical period

A

An optimal period early in life when exposure a certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development (contact & familiarity)

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25
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

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26
Q

Strange situation

A

Procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth for studying child caregiver attachment, the child’s reaction is observed when placed an unfamiliar environment while the caregiver leaves, then returns

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27
Q

Secure attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments while in the presence with their caregiver, and only show temporary distress when they leave, and find comfort when the caregiver returns
Leads to basic trust (sense that the world is predictable and reliable)

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28
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants, who are super clingy, have anxious or avoidant attachment, and resists closeness

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29
Q

Tempermant

A

A person’s innate and inborn characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity

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30
Q

Basic trust

A

Erik Erikson - a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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31
Q

Self-concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and the answer to the question “Who am I?”

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32
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

They have rules and expect obedience

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33
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Have rules, but allow exceptions and discussions

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34
Q

Permissive parents

A

Don’t have rules, little punishment

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35
Q

Negligent parents

A

Uninvolved, don’t care

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36
Q

Sex

A

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

37
Q

Gender

A

Socially influenced characteristics, by which people define boy, girl, man, woman

38
Q

Aggression

A

Any verbal or physical behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

39
Q

Relational aggression

A

An active aggression intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing

40
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

41
Q

Gender role

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or females

42
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male, female, or our combination of the two

43
Q

Social learning theory

A

Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and by being rewarded and punished

44
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional male or female role

45
Q

Androgyny

A

Displaying both traditional, masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

46
Q

Transgender

A

Umbrella term describing people whose general identity/expression differs from their birth-designated sex

47
Q

Adolescence

A

Transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

48
Q

Puberty

A

Period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproducing

49
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self, Erikson: adolescence’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing various roles

50
Q

Social identity

A

The “we“ aspect of our self-concept, the answer to “Who am I?” that comes from group memberships.

51
Q

Intimacy

A

(Erikson) ability to form close relationships, primary developmental took place in young adulthood

52
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

18-mid 20’s, or in Western cultures, no longer adolescents, but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

53
Q

X Chromosomes

A

Sex chromosomes in males and females, females have an 2 X, males have 1.

54
Q

Y chromosome

A

Sex chromosome typically only found in males

55
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone, in both males and females - more in males

56
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries, testes)

57
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Non-reproductive sexual traits (breasts, hips) (voice, body hair)

58
Q

Spermarche

A

First ejaculation

59
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

60
Q

Intersex

A

Condition at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones and anatomy, possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

61
Q

AIDS

A

Life-threatening STI caused by HIU, deplete immune system

62
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Our enduring sexual attraction, usually to opposite sex, our own sex, or both

63
Q

Menopause

A

Time of natural end of menstruation, also refers to biological changes in women as her ability to reproduce declines

64
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

65
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research that follows and retests the same people overtime

66
Q

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDS)

A

Acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits, often related to Alzheimer’s, brain injury, or substance abuse

67
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Neurocognitive disorder marked by a neural plagues, often after 80, progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

68
Q

Social clock

A

Culturally preferred timing of social events (marriage, parenthood, retirement)

69
Q

Association areas

A

The brain’s association areas, those linked with thinking, memory and language, were the last cortical areas to develop and mental abilities surged

70
Q

Schemas

A

Concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

Ex. For “doggy”, might include: furry coat, four legs, long tail, wet tongue, cold nose, friendly, fun

71
Q

Preoperational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage from about 2-6 or 7 years of age, during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

72
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Peaks at around 13 months, then gradually declines: this is with their parents

73
Q

Anxious attachment

A

People constantly crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection
Type of insecure attachment: in a relationship, it can cause constant concern over rejection, leading to clinginess

74
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

People experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others
Type of insecure attachment: in relationships it can decrease commitment and increase conflict

75
Q

Microsystem

A

Part of ecological systems theory: immediate setting with involving direct interactions with family, peers, school, etc.
*small

76
Q

Mesosystem

A

Part of ecological systems theory: connections between microsystems, like family experiences affecting school relationships
*middle

77
Q

Exosystem

A

Part of ecological systems theory: broader institutions that indirectly influence the microsystem, such as parents’ workplace
*external

78
Q

Macrosystem

A

Part of ecological systems theory: cultural context shaping behavior and beliefs
*larger

79
Q

Chronosystem

A

Part of ecological systems theory: environmental events over a lifespan, like the COVID-19 shutdown
*time

80
Q

Adolescent Egocentrism

A

Heightened self-consciousness in adolescents, characterized by two types of social thinking: imaginary audience, personal fable

81
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

A phenomenon in which they believe they are being closely or constantly being watched and judged, as if on stage

82
Q

Personal fable

A

A phenomenon in teens in which they perceive themselves as unique and invincible, often leading to risky behaviors like reckless driving or substance abuse, based on the belief that negative consequences only happen to others

83
Q

ACEs

A

Negative childhood experiences (ACEs) that can have enduring impacts on health and well-being (abuse, household dysfunction, violence)
1990s ACE study surveyed thousands about childhood experiences and current health, revealing a link between ACEs and issues like depression and cardiovascular disease in adolescence and adulthood
Connection proved between childhood trauma and adult health issues

84
Q

Identity Elements

A

Occupational, political, religious, sexual orientation, achievement, sexual orientation, racial/ethnic, interests, personality, familial, physical, gender

85
Q

Identity Status

A

The 4 different orientations adolescents occupy while developing aspects of the sense of self (identity)
Defined by two aspects:
Is the individual committed to an identity or sense of self (yes or no)
Is the individual searching for identity or sense of self (yes or no)

86
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

A period from about 18-mid 20s when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

87
Q

Terminal decline

A

As you get closer to death, you experience changes in things like you cognition, mood, health

88
Q

Neurocognitive disorders

A

Acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits, often related to Alzheimer’s, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse.

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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