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AP Psychology > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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2
Q

Concept

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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3
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category

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4
Q

Creativity

A

Ability to produce new & valuable ideas

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5
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Narrowing the problem solutions to determine the best solution

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6
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Expanding the number of possible problem solutions, creative thinking that goes in different directions

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7
Q

Algorithm

A

Methodical, logical, rule that guarantees solving a problem

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8
Q

Heuristic

A

Simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements & solve a problem efficiently (speedier, but more error prone than algorithm).

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9
Q

Insight

A

Sudden realization of a problem’s solution

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10
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions & ignore contradictory evidence

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11
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective, obstacle to problem-solving

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12
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to approach a problem in one way, often a way that has worked in the past

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13
Q

Intuition

A

Effortless, immediate, automatic feelings or thought

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14
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they match a prototype

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15
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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16
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to be more confident than correct - we overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs

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17
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions even after they have been discredited

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18
Q

Framing

A

How something is worded affects decisions and judgements

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19
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words & the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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20
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest distinctive sound unit

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21
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit that caries meaning (word or prefix)

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22
Q

Grammar

A

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with & understand others

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23
Q

Babbling stage

A

Around 4 months, infants spontaneously utter various sounds

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24
Q

One-word stage

A

Age 1-2, a child speaks mostly in single words

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25
Q

Two-word stage

A

Around age 2, a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

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26
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Speech stage where a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs (“daddy fall over”)

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27
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis - language controls how we think & interpret the world around us

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28
Q

Linguistic influence

A

Our thinking & world view is “relative” to our cultural language

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29
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language, usually caused by damage to Broca’s area (speaking) or Wernicke’s area (understanding)

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30
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe, left hemisphere, controls language & expression

31
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Left temporal lobe, language comprehension

32
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info.

33
Q

Recall

A

When a person has to retrieve previously learned info (fill in the blank)

34
Q

Recognition

A

When a person has to identify previously learned info (multiple choice)

35
Q

Relearning

A

The amount of time saved when learning material again

36
Q

Encoding

A

Getting info into the memory system

37
Q

Storage

A

Retaining info over time

38
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting info out of memory storage

39
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing many things at once

40
Q

Sensory memory

A

Immediate, brief recording of sensory info into memory system

41
Q

Short-term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before info is stored or forgotten

42
Q

Long- term memory

A

Relatively permanent & limitless storehouse of the memory system (knowledge, skills, experiences)

43
Q

Working memory

A

Newer understanding of short-term memory and active processing of visual & auditory information

44
Q

Explicit memory

A

(Declarative memory) retention of facts & experiences

45
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention & conscious effort

46
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of info, doesn’t require effort or attention

47
Q

Implicit memory

A

(Nondeclarative memory) retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations

48
Q

Iconic memory

A

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Recalled in no more than 1/10th of a second

49
Q

Echoic memory

A

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Recalled within 3-4 seconds

50
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often automatic

51
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids (ROYGBIV)

52
Q

Spacing effect

A

Tendency for distributed study to work better than mass study

53
Q

Testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading info

54
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level

55
Q

Deep processing

A

Encoding semantically (explanation/definition), best retention

56
Q

Semantic memory

A

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

57
Q

Episodic memory

A

Explicit memory of personally experienced events

58
Q

Hippocampus

A

Neural center in limbic system, helps process conscious memories for storage

59
Q

Memory consolidation

A

The neural storage of long-term memory

60
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment.

61
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Neural basis for learning & memory, increase in a cell’s firing potential after a brief, rapid, stimulation

62
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

63
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

Cues and context specific to a memory are most effective in helping us recall it.

64
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

Tendency to recall, memories consistent with one’s good/bad mood.

65
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to recall the first (primacy) and last (recency) items on a list

66
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

67
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve info from one’s past

68
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of new info.

Backward-acting

69
Q

Repression

A

Basic defense system that vanishes, anxiety, arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness (psychoanalytic theory)

70
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Process where previously stored memories, when retrieved could be altered before being stored again.

71
Q

Déjà vu

A

The sense that “I’ve experienced this before”

72
Q

Proactive interference

A

Disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info

Forward-acting

73
Q

Source amnesia

A

Faulty memory for how, when, and where info was learned

74
Q

Misinformation effect

A

When misleading info distorts a memory of an event

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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