Unit 8 Flashcards
Behavior feedback effect
Tendency of behaviors to influence our (& other’s) thoughts, feelings, & actions
Stress
How we respond to stressors that we think are threatening/challenging
Tend-and-befriend response
Under stress, people (usually women) provide support to others & bond with & seek support from others
Health psychology
Subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Psychoneuroimmunology
Study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system & resulting health
General-adaption syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Coronary heart disease
Clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle —> leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A
Friedman & Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient & anger prone people
Type B
Friedman & Rosenman’s term for easy-going & relaxed people
Catharsis
Idea that “releasing” aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges
Expressing this anger causes more anger
Aerobic exercise
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness & lowers depression and anxiety
Mindfulness meditation
Reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental & accepting manner
Feel-good do-good phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood
Positive psychology
Scientific study of human flourishing w/ goals of promoting strengths to individuals & communities to thrive
Subjective well-being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, used w/ objective well-being measures to evaluate people’s quality of life
Adaptation-level phenomenon
the tendency for people to quickly adjust to their current circumstances, making that situation their new “normal” and influencing how they perceive other experiences relative to this established baseline
Relative deprivation
The perception that one is worse off relative to others
Achievement motivation
High standards, desire for significant accomplishment/mastery of skills or ideas
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a balanced/constant internal state, regulation of body chemistry
Physiological need
Basic bodily requirement
Drive-reduction theory
A physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need
I.E - hunger, thirst
Incentive
Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning with physiological needs, then safety needs, then love & belongingness, then esteem needs, self-actualization (living up to our full potential), self-transcendence (find meaning) & help others
Glucose
When low, we get hungry, sugar that circulates blood & provides energy
Basal metabolic rate
Body’s resting state of energy output
Obesity
BMI that’s equal to or over 30
Overweight = 25 or higher
Asexual
Having no sexual attraction to others
Testosterone
Male sex hormones, in both males & females, but stimulates male sex organs & puberty
Estrogen
Greater in females, peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, it promotes sexual receptivity
Sexual response cycle
4 stages of sexual response by Masters & Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Refractory period
Resting period, amount of time during which a human can’t have another orgasm, shorter in females
Set point
The point where your “weight thermostat” is set, when you fall below this weight, you get hungry & a lower metabolism to restore lost weight
Affiliation Need
Need to build relationship & feel part of a group
Otracism
Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
Narcissism
Excessive self-love & self-absorption
Grit
Passion & perseverance of long-term goals
Emotion
Response to psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, & conscious experience
James-Lange Theory
Emotions depend on physiological responses
Stimulus -> arousal -> emotion
Cannon-bard theory
Arousal & emotion happen together/simultaneously
Two-factor theory
(Schactor-singer theory) To experience an emotion, we must be physically aroused & cognitively lable the arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Principle that performance increases w/ arousal up to a point, then performance decreases
Polygraph
Machine used to detect lies using physiological responses (heart rate & blood pressure)
Facial feedback effect
Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
I.E. Smile = feeling happy
Motivation
Need or desire that energizes & directs behavior
Instinct
Unlearned & complex behavior that is patterned throughout a species
Insulin
Appetite hormone - decreases appetite, controls blood glucose, secreted by pancreas
Leptin
Appetite hormone, decreases appetite, protein hormone secreted fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
PYY - peptide tyrosine
Appetite hormone, decreases appetite, digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain
Pretty yummy yet still not hungry
Ghrelin
Appetite hormone, increases appetite
“I’m hungry”, secreted by empty stomach
Orexin
Appetite hormone, increases appetite. Produced by hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Stimulation of this structure in the hypothalamus stimulates hunger
Surgically removing inhibits hunger signals
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Stimulation of this structure in the hypothalamus inhibits hunger
Surgically removing inhibits full signals
Instinct theory
The motivation to survive is the most important motivation and the innate behaviors that aid survival drive our motivation
Unlearned, consistent throughout species
Arousal theory
The perfect level of stimulation, which allows us to flourish.
We constantly are drive to experience stimulation; when we lack it, we try to increase arousal as we feel bored. When there is too much stress or stimulation, we look for ways to decrease arousal.
Incentive Theory
Humans are more likely to do something or be motivated if there is an incentive
Drive
An activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need
Need
a physiological state the usually triggers motivational arousal
Refractory period
During the resolution phase, men enter a refractory period that lasts form a few minutes to a day or more, during which they are incapable of orgasms
Emotion
Response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experiences
James-Lange
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus leads to arousal which leads to emotion
Cannon-Bard thalamic theory of emotion
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Schachter & Singer’s two-factor theory
emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal (assessment).
Spillover effect
Arousal spills over from one event to the next
High road
Travels through the thalamus to the brain’s cortex. Gets analyzed and labeled before the response command is sent out through the amygdala.
Hatred and love travel a “high road”
Low road
Some simple emotions (likes, dislikes) take the more direct “low road”, a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex.
Zajonc-LeDoux
Some emotional responses are immediate, before any conscious appraisal
Stress appraisal
How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond
Catastrophes
Unpredictable large-scale events (earthquakes, floods, storms). Can cause damage to emotion and physical health
Significant life changes
Many significant life changes happen during young adulthood.
Life transitions (loved one dies, move away, divorce) are often felt deeply. Even happy transitions can cause this stress (go to college)
Alarm reaction
Heart rate zooms, blood diverted to skeletal muscles, shock and faintness feelings, fight/flight/freeze activated
Phase 1: alarm
Sympathetic nervous system activated: heart rate zooms, blood diverted to skeletal muscles, feelings of faintness and shock, fight/flight/freeze activated
Phase 2: resistance
Temperature, BP, respiration remain high. Adrenal glands pump hormones into bloodstream, all resources come to help fight/meet challenge. As time passes with no stress relief, body’s reserves begin to diminish
Phase 3: exhaustion
With exhaustion, body becomes more vulnerable to illness, or even death or collapse
Stress response
4 types of cells active in searching for and destroying invaders in the body: B and T lymphocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells
Attack cells that are broken or doing bad things
