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AP Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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2
Q

Iris

A

The ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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3
Q

Retina

A

The light-sensitive version inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor to rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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4
Q

Cornea

A

The eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris

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5
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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6
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey and are sensitive to movement, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

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7
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the body retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions, cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

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8
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

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9
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color theory)

A

The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulation in combination, can produce the perception of any color

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10
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

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11
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and own psychological experience of them

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12
Q

Perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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13
Q

Accomodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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14
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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15
Q

Fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster

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16
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of the same stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

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17
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision

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18
Q

Gestalt

A

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate piecing of information into meaningful wholes.

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19
Q

Figure-ground

A

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

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20
Q

Grouping

A

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

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21
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D, allows us to judge distance

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22
Q

Visual Cliff

A

A lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

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23
Q

Binocular cue

A

A depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

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24
Q

Retinal display

A

A binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

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25
Q

Monocular cue

A

A death cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone

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26
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

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27
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Perceiving objects in unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

28
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects

29
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A

The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

30
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

31
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret

32
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelength that pass a point in a given time (per second)

33
Q

Pitch

A

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency

34
Q

Middle ear

A

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, & stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

35
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear, sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

36
Q

Inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semi circular canals, and vestibular sacs

37
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness

38
Q

Embodied Cognition

A

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

39
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

A less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that inducts sound waves to the cochlea

40
Q

Cochlear implant

A

A device for converting sounds not electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

41
Q

Place theory

A

In hearing the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

42
Q

Frequency theory

A

In hearing, the theory that the Rae of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve arches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch (AKA temporal theory)

43
Q

Gate-control theory

A

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that allows pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by the activity in larger fibers or by info coming from the brain

44
Q

Olfaction

A

The sense of smell

45
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Our movement sense - our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

46
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

47
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

48
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

49
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

50
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to reorganizing meaningful objects and events

51
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

52
Q

Top-down processing

A

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

53
Q

Selective attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

54
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

55
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment, a form of inattentional blindness

56
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

57
Q

Signal detection theory

A

A theory predicting how and when we detect the prescience of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

58
Q

Subliminal

A

Below one is absolute threshold for conscious awareness

59
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimulus required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd)

60
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

61
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

62
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

63
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

64
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

65
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

66
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue & green and so forth

67
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height)

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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