Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring info or behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) orally response and its consequence (operant conditioning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which we link two or ore stimulus, as a silt, the first stimulus comes to elicit (provoke) behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviors w/o reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree w/ (1) but not (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits (provokes) no response before conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally & automatically - triggers an unconditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditional stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus to elicit similar response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Operant chamber

A

In operant conditioning research a chamber (AKA Skinner box) containing a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food/water reinforcer, (attached to devices to record animal’s heart rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

When adding a stimulus, the response is strengthened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

When removing a stimulus, the response is strengthened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary reinforcement

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (AKA secondary reinforcer)

24
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

25
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

26
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

27
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

28
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

29
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

30
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning,a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

31
Q

Punishment

A

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

32
Q

Biofeedback

A

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back info regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

33
Q

Instinctive drift

A

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

34
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

35
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

36
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

37
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

38
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

39
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an anima or person learns when able to avoid repeated aversive (heartless) events

40
Q

External locus of control

A

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

41
Q

Internal locus of control

A

The perception that we control our own fate

42
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others (AKA social learning)

43
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

44
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy

45
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

46
Q

Insight

A

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts w/ strategy-based solutions

47
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

48
Q

Preparedness

A

A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

49
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcements)

50
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

51
Q

Cognitive learning

A

The acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

52
Q

Self-control

A

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

53
Q

Personal control

A

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

54
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired w/ a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

55
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

56
Q

Habitualition

A

Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus

57
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

AP Psychology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions