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AP Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it. (ik it all along)

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2
Q

Overconfidence

A

We tend to think we know more than we do.

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3
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using integrated set of principles that organize observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Group of ideas that help explain what we see and guess what will happen next

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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5
Q

Operational definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.

(Definition of what exactly is being measured, ex. what does friendliness look like?”

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6
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually w/ different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

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7
Q

Case study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual/group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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8
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate/control the situation

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9
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

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10
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

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11
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

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12
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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13
Q

Correlation

A

A measure f the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

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14
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between 2 things (from -1:00 - 1:00)

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15
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can vary & is feasible & ethical to measure

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16
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of Z variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the Z variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

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17
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

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18
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator investigates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior/ mental process

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19
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores on events to fall back (regress) toward the average

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20
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment (to one version of the independent variable)

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21
Q

Control group

A

The group not exposed to the treatment, contrasts with/ the experimental group & serves as a comparison for evaluations the effect of the treatment

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22
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly assigned people to be in experimental & control group

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23
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

An experimental procedure in which both of the research participants & the staff are ignorantly about whether the participants have received treatment or a placebo

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24
Q

Placebo

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

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25
Q

Confounding variable

A

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

26
Q

Dependent variable

A

The outcome that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

27
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test or experiment measures/ predicts what it is supposed to.

28
Q

Informed consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

29
Q

Debriefing

A

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants

30
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

31
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph depicted a frequency distribution

32
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distrubution

33
Q

Mean

A

The average of a distribution (add all scores up, divide by number of scores)

34
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution

35
Q

Skewed distribution

A

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value (falls to one side of scale, very few on the other)

36
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest & lowest scores in a distribution

37
Q

Standard deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

38
Q

Normal curve

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many data types: most scores fall near the mean, fewer near the extremes

39
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Numerical data that allows one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

40
Q

Statistical significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

41
Q

Meta-analysis

A

The statistical technique for combining effect size (results) from numerous studies on the same topic into a single effect size, compile data of what’s already been done

42
Q

Informed Assent

A

If participant can’t consent, it must be obtained by a legal guardian

43
Q

Falsifiable Hypothesis

A

A prediction can be disproven through observation or experimentation

44
Q

Qualitative measurements

A

Non-numerical values to seek meaning

45
Q

Quantitative Measurements

A

Used to gather numerical data to seek objective knowledge

46
Q

Likert Scale

A

Participants rate statements

47
Q

Experiment

A

Can control independent & dependent variable to emphasize bias (this causes that)

48
Q

Correlation

A

Shows relationships

49
Q

High effect size

A

Indicates a strong or dramatic impact

50
Q

Medium effect size

A

Indicates a moderate impact

51
Q

Low effect size

A

Indicates a slight impact

52
Q

Scientific Method

A

A self correlating process for evaluation ideas w/ observation & analysis

53
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

Describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations

54
Q

Representative Sample

A

A sample that represents the whole population being studied (with random sampling)

55
Q

Wording effects

A

Subtle changes in wording can have major effects on results

56
Q

Generalizability

A

The ability to apply results for an experiment to the general population

57
Q

Confidentiality

A

Protects data in a trusted group

58
Q

Anonymity

A

Complete privacy by preventing any link between responses (no idea who one person is. Ex. Person A)

59
Q

Skewiness

A

A set of scores that is not equal (not the perfect bell curve)

60
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a test yields consistent results

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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