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AP Euro > Unit 8: WWI and its Aftermath > Flashcards

Unit 8: WWI and its Aftermath Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Three Emperor’s League

A
  • Bismarck made an alliance in 1873 and 1881 with the traditionally conservative powers in Austria Hungary and Russia
  • failed to work very well (Russian-Austrian rivalry in Balkans
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2
Q

Treaty of San Stefano

A

-1878; large Bulgarian state created; extended from Danube in N to Aegean Sea in S
-Bulgaria= Russian satellite→ other European powers discuss revision of treaty→
Congress of Berlin

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3
Q

Congress of Berlin

A
  • 1878; dominated by Bismarck
  • demolished the Treaty of San Stefano (Russian humiliation)
  • new Bulgarian state was reduced and rest of territory returned to Ottoman control
  • Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania= independent
  • Austria gets Bosnia and Herzegovina
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4
Q

Triple Alliance

A
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5
Q

Reinsurance Treaty

A
  • Germany (Bismarck) and Russia

- 1887; hope to prevent a French-Russian alliance that would threaten Germany with the possibility of a two-front war

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6
Q

Bosnia and Herzegovina

A
  • under protection of Austria ; 1908= Austria annex them→Serbia MAD (it crushed hopes of creating a Serbian kingdom that includes most of Southern Slavs)
  • Austrian thought this would be a threat to the unity of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
  • Russians supported Serbs; opposed Austria
  • Serbs= war against Austria; Austria threatened to go to war with Russia if they didn’t recognize the annexation→ Russia weakened by the Russo-Japanese War= back down
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7
Q

Balkan Wars

A
  • First Balkan War= 1912= serbia, bulgaria, montenegro, and greece→ Balkan League; defeated ottomans
  • Second Balkan War= they were unable to agree on how to divide conquered Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Albania
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8
Q

London Conference

A
  • arranged by Austria at the end of the 2 Balkan Wars
  • Austria blocked serbia’s wishes by making Albania dependent (germans supported)
  • serbians viewed them as monsters→ Russians upset too; they didn’t want to back down again
  • Austria still convinced that Serbia wa a mortal threat to its empire and must be crushed
  • french and russian gov renewed alliance; promised not to back down; britain= closer to france
  • 2 camps viewed each other with suspicion
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9
Q

conscription

A
  • regular practice; military draft
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10
Q

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

A
  • Austria
  • him and wife Sophia were assassinated on June 28 1914 by Bosnian activist who worked for the Black Hand (Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to creation of pan slavic kingdom)
  • Austria didn’t know if Serbian gov was directly involved but they saw it as an opportunity to show Serbia who’s boss
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11
Q

**Schlieffen Plan

A
  • called for minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make rapid invasion of western France by way of neutral Belgium
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12
Q

mobilization

A

-the organization of troops and supplies for service in time for war

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13
Q

**First Battle of the Marne

A
  • after Germans invade Belgium; British and french counterattack led by George Joseph Joffre
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14
Q

trench warfare

A

-warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire

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15
Q

Battle of Tannenberg/Battle of Masurian Lakes

A
  • Russian defeated by Germany; these established the military reputation of the commanding general, Paul von Hindenburg, and chief of staff, General Erich Ludendorff
  • Russians no longer a threat to German territory
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16
Q

Battle at Verdun

A

-1916; German offensive

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17
Q

Battle of the Somme

A

-1916; British campaigns

18
Q

Battle of Champaign

A

-1917; french attack; all showed senselessness of trench warfare

19
Q

**Gallipoli

A
  • SW of Constantinople= British forces attempted to open Balkan front by landing forces there
    T.E. L
    ????
20
Q

T.E. Lawrence

A
  • Lawrence of Arabia; inspired Arab princes to revolt against ottoman overlords (1916)
21
Q

unrestricted submarine warfare

A
  • type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning
  • ex: Germans threatened to torpedo any ship caught in British isles, which they declared a war zone
22
Q

Lusitania

A

-passenger liners were sunk → British ship May 7, 1915

23
Q

total war

A
  • affected lives of all citizens even if it is remote; warfare in which all of a nation’s resources, including civilians and soldiers, are mobilized for war efforts
24
Q

nationalization

A

-he process of converting business or industry from private ownership to gov control/ownership

25
Q

Easter Rebellion

A
  • Ireland; Easter Sunday; members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens Army occupied gov buildings in Dublin
  • crushed by British forces and leaders to condemned to death
26
Q

Rasputin

A
  • Serbian peasant; Nicholas’s wife, Alexandra, thought he was a holy man bc he seemed able to stop the bleeding of her hemophiliac son
  • had power behind the throne; interfered in gov affairs
  • assassinated December 1916
27
Q

soviets

A

-councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies; represented more radical interests of the lower classes and largely composed of socialists of various kinds

28
Q

Mensheviks

A
  • part of Marxist Social Democratic Party; wanted Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model
  • willing to cooperate temporarily in the parliamentary democracy while working towards socialist state
29
Q

Bolsheviks

A

-part of Marxist Social Democratic Party; under the leadership of V. I. Lenin (Vladimir Ulianov)

30
Q

V. I. Lenin (Vladimir Ulianov)

A
  • enemy of tsarist Russia; Marxist; helped organized a illegal group known as the Union for the Liberation of the Working Class
  • made the Bolsheviks a violent revolution that would destroy the capitalist system
  • outbreak of war gave him hope all of Europe was ripe for revolution
31
Q

April Theses

A
  • issued on April 20; Lenin presented a blueprint for revolutionary action based on his own version of the Marxist theory
  • Russia moves to socialism, not bourgeois revolution
  • soviets of soldiers, workers, and peasants are ready-made instruments of power; use them to overthrow the provisional gov; “peace, land, and bread”
32
Q

Army Order No. 1

A
  • issued by Petrograd soviets in March; to all Russian military forces; encourage them to remove their officers and replace them with committees composed of “the elected reps of the lower ranks” of the army
  • led to the collapse of all discipline and created military chaos
  • when the provisional gov attempted to initiate military offensive in July→ army dissolved; peasant soldiers back out and return home
33
Q

Alexander Kerensky

A
  • moderate socialist; prime minister in the provisional gov
  • released the Bolsheviks from prison to help Petrograd when Kornilov attempted to march on Petrograd and seize power in Sept
34
Q

Leon Trotsky

A
  • revolutionary; chairman of Petrograd soviet; got Bolsheviks to overthrow gov when Lenin couldn’t
  • Bolshevik Revolution
35
Q

Bolshevik Revolution

A
  • Nov 6= soviets and Bolsheviks took control of Petrograd

- transfer of power to them; new soviet gov→ Council of People’s Commissars; Lenin = head

36
Q

Alexandra Kollontai

A

lead in pushing Bolshevik program for women’s rights and social welfare reforms (health care for women and children)
-Zhenotdel

37
Q

Zhenotdel

A
  • women’s bureau
  • within Communist Party;sent men and women to all parts of the Russian Empire to explain the new social order
  • help women with divorce and women’s rights
  • members were murdered by males who didn’t like this liberation
  • reforms were undone
38
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A
  • Russia and Germany; gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic Provinces
  • not real peace
39
Q

Russian Civil War

A
  • 1918-1921

- Red Army defends the Bolsheviks gov against the Whites (anti-Bolsheviks) armies

40
Q

war communism

A
  • Lenin’s policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasants’ produce during the Russian civil war
41
Q

Red Terror

A
  • instituted by the Cheka; aimed at the destruction of all opponents of the new regime
  • the element of fear in the Bolshevik regime

AP Euro (22 decks)

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