Unit 6: Europe 1815-1850

Question 1

conservatism

Answer 1

-ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions organized religion, and obedience to authority, and resisted change, especially abrupt change (revolution)

Question 2

Edmund Burke

Answer 2

• 1729-1815
• Reflections on the Revolution in France
• reaction to French Rev, especially its radical republican and democratic ideas
• society was a contract
• state was a partnership between those “who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born”
• no one can destroy this partnership→ each generation has a duty to preserve and transmit it to the next
• didn’t like violent overthrow of gov→ didn’t reject all the changes though
• sudden change was unacceptable but that didn’t mean that there should never be gradual ot evolutionary improvements

Question 3

Joseph de Maistre

Answer 3

• 1753-1821
• conservative; French
• most influential spokesman for counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservatism
• accepted restoration of hereditary monarchy (divinely sanctioned institution)
• only abs monarch could guarantee “order in society” and avoid chaos generated by movements like the French Rev

Question 4

Concert of Europe

Answer 4

• means to maintain new status quo that was constructed
• out of reaffirmation of Quadruple Alliance in Nov 1815
• renewed commitment against attempt of restoration of Bonapartist power and agreed to meet periodically in conferences to discuss their common interests and examine measures to keep the ease in Europe
• 4 congresses between 1818-1822

Question 5

principle of intervention

Answer 5

• great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones
• GB didn’t agree; argued that the Quad Alliance was never intended to interfere in internal affairs, except France

Question 6

Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) and Jose de San Marina (Argentina)

Answer 6

• leaders of independence movement
• attended European universities, where they imbibed the ideas of the Enlightenment
• resented domination of trade by Spain and Portugal

Question 7

Simon Bolivar

Answer 7

• GW of Latin America; wanted to free his ppl from Spanish control
• “liberator” of Venezuela 1813
• liberated Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru

Question 8

Jose de San Marina

Answer 8

• military in Spanish army
• abandoned military career to pursue liberation movement
• Argentina as already free of Spanish control but he believed that the Spaniards must be removed from all of S America of any nation was to remain free
• Battle of Chacabuco 1817= San Martin’s troops in Chile surprised Spaniards
• excited to work with Bolivar but disappointed
• left S America for Europe; 1850= died outside Paris

Question 9

The Greek Revolt

Answer 9

• Greeks revolted against Ottoman Turkish masters in 1821
• Greeks= subject to Muslim control for 4 yrs but allowed to keep language and Greek Orthodox faith
• revival of Greek national sentiment at beginning of 19th century→ desire for liberation
• soon transformed into a noble cause by outpouring of European sentiment for Greeks struggle
• 1827= GB and French fleet defeated Ottoman armada
• 1828= Russia declared war on ottomans

Question 10

Treaty of Adrianolpe

Answer 10

• 1829; ended Russian-Turkish war
• Russian recieved a protectorate over 2 provinces
• Ottomans agreed to allow Russia, France, and GB to decide the fate of Greece

Question 11

Tories

Answer 11

• ministers largely dominated gov until 1830
• little desire to change the existing political and electoral system
• dominated by members of landed class

Question 12

Whigs

Answer 12

• beginning to receive support from new industrial middle class
• dominated by members of landed class

Question 13

Corn Law of 1815

Answer 13

• Tory gov response to falling agricultural prices
• measure that imposed very high tariffs on foreign grain
• tariffs benefited landowner → bread prices= rose a lot; harder working class conditions
• mass protests→ Peterloo Massacre

Question 14

Peterloo Massacre

Answer 14

• mass protest gone wrong; cavalry attacked crown of 60,000 ppl @ St Peter’s Fields in Manchester in 1819→ 11 ppl died
• led Parliament to take more repressive measures

Question 15

ultraroyalist

Answer 15

• criticized the king’s willingness to compromise and retain so many features of the Napoleonic era
• hoped to return to monarchical system dominated by privileged landed aristocracy and restore Catholic Church to it’s former position of influence

Question 16

ministerial responsibility

Answer 16

-ministers of the king were responsible to the legislature

Question 17

Burschenschaften

Answer 17

• student societies dedicated to the fostering of the goal of a free, united Germany
• idea/motto= “Honor, Liberty, Fatherland”
• inspired by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn→ organized gymnastic societies during Napoleonic wars to promote regeneration of German youth

Question 18

Karlsbad Decrees of 1819

Answer 18

• closed the Burschenschaften, provided for censorship of the press and placed the universities under close supervision and control
• Metternich
• maintained conservative status quo

Question 19

Northern Union

Answer 19

• composed of young aristocrats who served in Napoleonic wars and became aware of world outside Russia; intellectuals alienated by censorship and lack of academic freedom in universities
• favored establishment of constitutional monarchy and abolition o serfdom
• death of Alexander I→ opportunity

Question 20

**Decembrist Revolt

Answer 20

• December 1825
• Alexander’s (former Russian king, now dead) brother Constantine was heir to the throne but rennounced his claims in favor of his bro Nicholas
• military leaders of the northern Union rebelled against the accession of Nicholas

Question 21

***The Industrial Revolution

Answer 21

-made GB the wealthiest country in the world (1850); spread to New World

Question 22

capital

Answer 22

-material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth→ for investment in new industrial machines and factories that were needed to house them

Question 23

flying shuttle

Answer 23

-sped up process of weaving on a loom → double output

Question 24

spinning jenny

Answer 24

• James Hargreaves; enabled spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities

Question 25

water frame

Answer 25

• Richard Arkwright; spinning machine; powered by water or horse;

Question 26

mule

Answer 26

-Samuel Compton; combined aspects of the water frame and spinning jenny; increased yarn production even more

Question 27

power llom

Answer 27

• Edmund Cartwright; 1787; allowed weaving of of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn

Question 28

James Watt

Answer 28

• created steam engine
• engine steamed by steam that could pump water from mines 3 times as quickly as previous engines
• created rotary engine= turn a shaft and drive machinery
• steam power= applied to spinning and weaving cotton
• fired by coal→ didn’t need to be located near rivers→ flexibility of choice of location for entrepreneurs
• indispensable; tireless (unlike horses)

Question 29

Cort Process

Answer 29

• puddling
• coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron (product of smelting iron ore with coke) to produce an iron of high quality called wrought iron (lower carbon content; malleable and able to withstand strain)
• boom in British iron industry
• high quality wrought iron→ widely used metal until production of cheaper steel in 1860s
• new transportation

Question 30

railroad

Answer 30

• start in mining business
• wooden rails→ cast iron rails (still dependent on horsepower)–> mining and industrial districts
• production of steam engine→ radical transformation of railways

Question 31

Stephenson’s Rocket

Answer 31

• George Stephenson and son
• used on the first public railway line (1830)
• 16 miles per hour

Question 32

Great Exhibition of 1851

Answer 32

-world’s first industrial fair; displayed products created by the industrial Rev
at the Crystal Palace
-represented imperial power→ goods from India with exhibits of cotton, tea and flax; silk, jewels, shawls, elephant canopy
-domination over nature too (trees)
-displayed Britain’s wealth to the world; symbol of British success
-divine will (accomplish the will of God)
-some ppl thought they were a wasteful and ridiculous excess of the labor intensive production practice of the East, which would not compare to enlightened British labor prices

Question 33

Crystal Palace

Answer 33

-Kensington in London; made entirely out of glass (tribute to British engineering skills

Question 34

tariffs

Answer 34

-

Question 35

joint stock investment bank?????

Answer 35

-

Question 36

Ireland’s Great Hunger

Answer 36

• most oppressed areas in Europe
• cultivation of the potato= gave Irish peasants a basic staple that enabled them to survive and expand
• depend on potato to survive
• ppl started to marry earlier and have kids earlier→ population growth (doubled)
• 1845= potato crop was struck with fungus that turned the potatoes black
• more the 1 mill ppl died of starvation; 2 mil ppl emigrated to US or Britain
• emigration= most came from Ireland or Germany where peasant life was reduced

Question 37

suburbs

Answer 37

• the outer ring of the city→ individual houses and gardens

Question 38

Poor Law Commission

Answer 38

• detailed reports
• investigators were struck by physically and morally debilitating effects of urban life on the poor
• young working class men were shorter and skinnier→ more prone to disease
• alarmed by moral consequences of these living conditions (prostitution, crime, sexual immorality) → effects of horrible living conditions

Question 39

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 39

• one of the best of a new breed of urban reformers
• wanted to eliminated poverty and squalor in metropolitan areas
• Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain= research about living conditions and their causes
• it was because of atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close overcrowding places everywhere
• need to fix this (modern sanitary reforms→ efficient sewers and supply of piped water)
• 6 yrs later→ Britain’s first Public Health Act created the National Board of Health empowered to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems
• ppl were willing to support bc they feared cholera

Question 40

bourgeoisie

Answer 40

• middle class

- existed since middle ages-

Question 41

***Barclays and Lloyds

Answer 41

-bankers

Question 42

new elite

Answer 42

-wealthiest members of bourgeois (have estates, and social respectability) merge with old elite

Question 43

working class

Answer 43

• mix of groups
• eventually form a industrial proletariat
• artisans/craftsppl= largest group of urban workers during first half of 19th
• some crafts ppl (build coaches, clock making) formed a kind of aristocracy of labor and earned higher wages than others
• artisans= not factory workers; traditionally organized in guilds (apprentices)
• guilds losing power, especially in industrialized countries
• artisans were scared of losing to industries (make things cheaper), so they went against it
• industrialist welcomed the decline of skilled craftsppl
• servants= large group of urban workers (London and Paris) → many from countryside; dependent

Question 44

bad air

Answer 44

gas fumes from coal mines

Question 45

child labor

Answer 45

• important
• work in fields, carding, or spinning
• delicate for spinning
• small=crawl under machines to get loose cotton
• VERY low wages
• worked 12-15 hrs per day; 6 days a week in cotton mills
• pauper apprentices= orphans or abandoned children who wound up in local parishes
• Parliament eventually fixed some of the problems
• only affected child labor in textile factories and mines, not small workshops or nanofactory trades

Question 46

**cyclical depressions

Answer 46

-depression that comes and goes

Question 47

Combination Acts

Answer 47

• 1799 and 1800
• outlaw associations of workers
• didn’t prevent the formation of trade union
• 1824= accepted the argument of some members that they had formed unions
• unions are tolerated but other legislation enabled authorities to keep close watch over activities

Question 48

trade unions

Answer 48

• formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries
• association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members get better wages, benefits, and working conditions
• to preserve their own worker’s position by limiting entry to their trade
• to gain benefits from other employers
• win improvements

Question 49

Robert Owen

Answer 49

• 1771-1858
• believed in the creation of voluntary associations that would demonstrate to others the benefits of cooperative rather than competitive living
• ideas appeals to trade union leaders

Question 50

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Answer 50

• formed feb 1934
• national federation of trade unions
• primary purpose= coordinated a general strike for the 8hr working day
• by summer of 1934= lack of real working-class support led to the federation’s total collapse→ union movement reverted to trade unions for individual crafts
• largest and most successful= Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1850
• practical gains

Question 51

Luddites

Answer 51

• Luddites= skilled craftsppl in the Midlands and N England who attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods in 1812
• attacks failed
• eruption of feeling against unrestrained industrial capitalism

Question 52

Chartism

Answer 52

• first important political movement of working men organized during the 19th century
• aim= achieve political democracy
• Chartism attempted to encourage change through peaceful, constitutional means (but there was a threat of force)
• women participated (female sections) but fought for political rights for their husbands, not themselves (Chartist platform didn’t include the right of women to vote)
• isn’t pose a threat

Question 53

factory acts

Answer 53

• 1802-1819; limited labor of children between 9 and 16 years old to 12 hours a day
• employment of children under 9 yrs old was forbidden
• specified that children were to receive instruction in reading and arithmetic during working hours
• only applied to cotton mills, not factories or mines (where some of the worst abuses were)
• no provision was made for enforcing the acts through a system of inspection
• 1833= all factories were included
• children between ages 9 and 13 could only work 8 hours a day; ages 13-18 work 12 hours
• factory inspectors were appointed with the ability to fine those who broke the law

Question 54

Ten Hours Act

Answer 54

• 1847; reduced the workday for children between ages 13-18 to ten hours
• women were included in the 10 hour limit