Unit 7, Part 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Marie Curie
A
- French scientist; w. husband Pierre discovered the element radium gave off rays of radiation that came from the atom itself
- atoms= not just hard, material bodies but small worlds containing subatomic particles as electrons and protons that behaved in random and inexplicable fashion
- atoms became central theme in new physics
2
Q
Albert Einstein
A
- German born patent officer
- theory of relativity= space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer and both interwoven into what Einstein called s 4D space-time continuum
- space nor time existed independent of human experience
- matter and energy reflected the relativity of time and space
- matter = another form of energy; E=mc2→ each particle of matter if equal to it’s mass times the square velocity of light→key theory in explaining the vast energies in an atom→ atomic age
3
Q
Friedrich Nietzsche
A
- glorified irrational; thought western bourgeoise society was decadent and incapable of any real cultural creativity, primarily because of its excessive emphasis on rational faculty at the expense of emotions, passions, and instincts
- reason= played a little role in humans life bc humans were at the mercy of irrational life forces
- believed that Christianity should shoulder much of the blame for Western civilization’s weakening→ crushed humans will and want for life
4
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
- Viennese doctor; theories= undermined optimism about rational nature of the human mind
- The Interpretation of Dreams= foundations of psychoanalysis
- humans behavior was strongly determined by the unconscious, earlier experiences, and inner forces, of which pl were oblivious to
- ego and superego resist influence of the id
5
Q
psychoanalysis
A
- a method to resolve a patient’s psychic conflict; accomplished through dialogue between the psychotherapist and patient in which the therapist probed deeply into memory in order to retrace the chain of repression all the way back to childhood
- by making conscious mind aware of unconscious and repressed content, the patient’s psychic conflict was resolved
6
Q
social Darwinism
A
- Darwin’s principle of organic evolution and social order
- Herbert Spencer= British philosopher; used Darwin’s terminology; argued that societies were organisms that evolved through time from a struggle with their environment
- progress came from a struggle for survival as the fit advanced while the weak decline
- Social Status book→ the state should not intervene with this natural process
7
Q
anticlericalism
A
- opposition to the power of the clergy , especially in political affairs
- ex: French republican gov sub civic training for religious instruction in order to undermine the Catholic Church’s control
- 1901 Catholic teaching orders were outlawed; 1905 church and state were completely separate
8
Q
Syllabus of Errors
A
-Pope Pius IX
-states that it is “an error to believe that the Roman Pontiff can and ought to reconcile himself to, and agree with, progress, liberalism, and modern civilization
condemned nationalism, -socialism, religious toleration, and freedom of speech and press
9
Q
De Rerum Novarum
A
- Pope Leo XIII encyclical; 1891; upheld the individual’s right to private property but criticized “naked” capitalism for poverty and degradation in working classes
- condemned Marxist socialism for it’s materialistic and anti religious foundations
- recommended that Catholics form socialist parties and labor unions to help workers
10
Q
Modernism
A
-artistic and literary styles that emerged in the decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against traditional efforts to portray reality as accurately as possible (Impressionism and Cubism) and writers explored new forms
11
Q
naturalism→
A
- accepted the material world as real and felt that literature should be realistic
- address social problems; lacked liberal optimism
- pessimistic about Europe’s future and often portrayed characters caught in the grip of forces beyond their control
12
Q
Emile Zola
A
- French writer; naturalism
- urban slums and coal field s in N france; showed how alcoholism and different environments affected ppl’s lives
- impressed by Darwin’s emphasis on struggle for survival and importance of environment and heredity
- these ideas were central in his Rougon-Macquart= novels on natural and society history of a family
- thought that an artist should analyze and dissect life as biologist would a living organism
13
Q
Leo Tolstoy
A
- Russian; War and Peace= historical background of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812
- realistic; vivid descriptions of military life and character portrayal
- each person is delineated clearly and analyzed psychologically
- imposed a fatalistic view of history that proved irrelevant in the face of life’s enduring values of human love and trust
14
Q
Fyodor Dostoevsky
A
- combined narrative skill and acute psychological and moral observation with profound insights into human nature
- believed that only through suffering and faith could the human soul be purified
15
Q
symbolism
A
- against realism; believed that an objective knowledge of the world was impossible
- external world not real→ it was a collection of symbols that reflected the true reality of the individual human mind
- art should function for its own sake instead of erving, criticizing, or seeking to understand society
- poetry (W B Yeats and Rainer Maria Rilke) ceased to be part of popular culture bc only through a knowledge of the poet’s personal language could one hope to understand what the poem was understanding
