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AP Euro > Unit 5, Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 5, Part 2 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

***Abbe Sieyes

A
  • pamphlet→ What is Third Estate? Everything. What has it been thus far in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? to become something.
  • not general feeling of nation→ some ppl still wanted to make changes within the framework of respect for authority of king (revival or reform didn’t mean to overthrow traditional institutions)
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2
Q

National Assembly

A
  • evolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General
  • thereafter it was known as the National Constituent Assembly
  • wanted to make a new constitution
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3
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A
  • National Assembly swore that they would meet until they had produced a French constitution (break with estates general)
  • both the first step in the French revolution (third estate had no legal right to act as the National Assembly
  • revolution in jeopardy; king sided with first estate and wanted to dissolve Estates-General→ Louis XVI use force
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4
Q

Fall of the Bastille

A
  • most famous urban uprisings
  • it used to be a prison
  • parisian mob attacked the bastille
  • marquis de launay= commander, wanted to negotiate
  • he surrendered
  • Parisians think of it as a great victory and it became the popular symbol of triumph over despotism
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5
Q

The Great Fear

A
  • vast panic that spread like wildfire through france between July 20-August 6
  • fear of invasion of foreign troops supported by aristocrats
  • encouraged formation of more citizen’s militias and permanent committees
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6
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A
  • provided for an ideological foundation for its actions and an educational device for nation
  • charter for basic liberties
  • French enlightened ideas; from dec of independence and US constitution
  • natural rights
  • no privileges
  • no exemption from taxation
  • freedom of speech and press
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7
Q

Olympe de Gouges

A
  • French playwright and pamphleteer
  • the chief advocate for political rights of women
  • didn’t like exclusion of women from political rights
  • Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen= insisted that women should have all the same rights as men
  • National Assembly ignored her
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8
Q

***Women’s March to Versaille

A
  • October 5= Parisian women, thousands, marched to Versaille (from 12 miles away) to confront the king and the National Assembly
  • meeting with delegation of women→ told how children were starving for lack of break
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9
Q

assignats

A

-form of paper money; issued based on the collateral of the newly nationalized church property

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10
Q

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A
  • july 1790
  • bishops and priest of Catholic Church were to be elected by the ppl and paid by state
  • all clergy were required to swear an oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution
  • pope forbade this
  • only 54% of French parish clergy took the oath and majority of bishops refused
  • Church= still important institution in lives of French ppl but enemy of Revolution
  • counterrevolution= popular base for ppl to operate
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11
Q

**Jacobins

A
  • emerged as a gathering of more radical deputies at the beginning of the Revolution
    -member= usually elite and tradesppl and artisans
    -
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12
Q

**Varennes

A
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13
Q

**Legislative Assembly

A
  • followed the National Assembly
  • PURPOSE???
  • clerics and nobles were mostly gone
  • most of reps were men of property; many were lawyers
  • until national convention
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14
Q

Declaration of Pillnitz

A
  • passed by Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William of Prussia
  • invites other European monarchs to take effectual means to put the king of France in a state to strengthen, in perfect liberty, the bases of a monarchical gov equally becoming to the rights of sovereigns and to the well-being of the French Nation
  • against French Revolution
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15
Q

La Marseillaise

A
  • French army invaded Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) but was routed; Paris feared invasion→ National Assembly called for 20,000 National Guardsmen from provinces to come and defend Paris
  • one group came from Marseille and sang this song
  • national anthem for France
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16
Q

*****national convention

A

-chosen on the basis of universal male suffrage to decide on the future form of gov

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17
Q

***Paris Commune

A
  • power was passed onto them from the legislative assembly

- composed of many who proudly call themselves the sans-culottes

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18
Q

sans-culottes

A

-ordinary patriots without fine clothes

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19
Q

George Danton

A
  • newly appointed minister of justice
  • led the sans-culottes seeking revenge on those who aided the king and resisted the popular will
  • fears of treachery→ advance of Prussia army on Paris
  • presumed traitors arrested; massacred
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20
Q

National Convention

A
  • Sept 1792
  • single chamber assembly, called to draft a new constitution; also acted as sovereign ruling body of France
  • dominated by lawyers, pros and property owners; and some artisans;
  • almost all had political experience; most didn’t trust king and his activities
  • 1st major step= sept 21; abolish monarchy and establish republic
  • split into factions over fate of the king
  • Girondin and the Mountain
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21
Q

Girondin

A
  • leaders came from dept of Gironde, located in SW France
  • feared the radical mobs in Paris; wanted to keep king alive as a hedge against future eventualities
  • both members of Jacobin club
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22
Q

the Mountain

A
  • members’ seats were on the side of the convention hall where the floor slanted upward
  • represented interests in city of Paris; owed much of it’s strength to radical and popular elements of city
  • middle class
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23
Q

**the Vendee

A

-??

24
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A 
- executive committee
initially dominated by Danton
-12 member
-gave country leadership to control domestic and foreign crisis of 1793
Maximilien Robespierre
25
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A
  • small town lawyer, member of Estates-General

- wanted to use power to benefit the ppl (love the ppl (in general, not one-to-one))

26
Q

Reign of Terror

A
  • established by National Convention and Committee of Public Safety
  • revolutionary courts were organized to protect Republic from internal enemies (those who supported tyranny and were not a part of the revolution)
  • victims of Reign of Terror (50,000 ppl) = ranged from royalists (Marie Antoinette) to former rev Girondins (Olympe de Gouge)
27
Q

guillotine

A
  • revolutionary device for quick and efficient separation of heads from bodies
  • most of executions= in the Vendee and in cities, like Lyons and Marseille (places open in rebellion against authority of National Convention
28
Q

Law of the General Maximum

A
  • established price control on goods declared of first necessity (food, drink, fuel, clothing)
  • controls failed to work very well bc the gov lacked machinery to enforce them
29
Q

de-Christianization

A
  • secularization of church
  • aimed at creating secular society by eliminating Christian forms and institutions from French society
  • “saint” removed from street names; churches pillaged and closed by rev armies; priest encouraged to marry
  • Temple of REASON
30
Q

Temple of Reason

A
  • cathedral of Notre Dame
  • ceremony dedicated to worship the reason
  • liberty
31
Q

new republican calendar

A
  • (Oct 5 1793)→ years not numbered by birth of Jesus but from Sept 22, 1792, the day the French Republic was proclaimed→ by now French are living in year II
  • 12 months; each month had 3 10 day weeks called decades
  • 10th day of each week a rest day (decadai)
  • no more Sunday worship days, church holidays, → less non-working holidays
  • religious festivals replaced by revolutionary festivals
  • 5 days at end of the year to celebrate revolutionary virtues during festival→ Virtue, Intelligence, Labor, Opinion, and Rewards
  • rename months
  • opposition!!!!
32
Q

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A

-took leadership of revolt; son of African slaves, seized control of Hispaniola
Napoleon liked equality but thought that the massacres showed the true savage nature of slaves
-he was captured
-Jan 1 1804→ western part of Hispaniola (Haiti) announced its freedom and became first independent state in Latin America

33
Q

*** Thermidorian Reaction

A
  • execution of Robespierre
  • was a revolt within the French Revolution against the leadership of the Jacobin Club over the Committee of Public Safety
34
Q

**Directory

A
  • executive authority
    -5 directors elected by Council of Elders from a list presented by Council of 500
    -
35
Q

Gracchus Baebuf

A

radical; went beyond earlier goals

  • wanted to abolished private property and eliminate private enterprise
  • Conspiracy of Equals → 1796 crushed; he was executed in 1797
  • before ppl wanted to either restore the monarchy or not restore monarchy
36
Q

Napoleone Buonaparte

A

-1769-1821
-dominated French and European history from 1799-1815
-great military commander
- read works of philosophes (Rousseau); educated himself on in military matter by studying campaigns of great military leaders from the past
-Josephine de Beauharnais
-1804= crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I
-wanted to limit arbitrary ogv→ became more autocratic than the old regime
(kinda like a dictator)

37
Q

*****Italian and Egyptian Campaign

A

-Napoleon wanted to take Egypt and threaten India, a major source of British wealth→ weakened Britain but British cut of supplies to his army in Egypt

38
Q

***First Consul

A
  • there were 3 consuls but they thought that the decision of the first consul was good enough
  • Napoleon was First Consul→ controlled executive authority of gov
  • influence over legislature; appointed members of bureaucracy, controlled army, conducted foreign affairs
39
Q

the Concordat

A

-agreement between pope and Napoleon
-1801; pope gained right to depose French bishops but little real control over French Catholic Church
-state has real control
-clergy and ministers paid by state
-

40
Q

The Civil Code

A
  • Code Napoleon; preserved most of the revolutionary gains
  • reflected the revolutionary desire for a uniform legal system, legal equality, and protection of property and individuals
  • equality of citizens before the law
  • religious toleration; no serfdom and feudalism
  • undid ease of divorce and undid the restricted rights of fathers/husband made in the Rev
41
Q

**prefects

A
  • responsible for supervising all aspects of local gov; agents of central gov
  • not local men→ careers depended on central gov
42
Q

Germaine de Stael

A
  • prominent writer; refused to accept Napoleon’s growing despotism
  • educated in enlightened ideas
  • set up a salon in Paris→ prominent intellectual center by 1800
  • she wrote novels and political works→ denounced Napoleon’s rule as tyrannical
  • Napoleon banned her books and exiled her to German states→ continued to write
  • returned to Paris after Napoleon was overthrown
43
Q

**Peace of Amiens

A
  • treaty signed GB, France, Britain

- didn’t last bc British and French both regarded it as temporary and had little intention of adhering to its terms

44
Q

Battle at Austerlitz

A
  • more war after peace of amiens
  • Napoleon vs Tsar Alexander I (Russian army) and Austrian troops
  • French outnumbered by tsar picked poor terrain; Napoleon defeated them; tsar went back to Russia
45
Q

The Grand Empire

A

-Napoleon; 3 major parts
-French empire (inner core of Grand Empire); dependent states (Spain, Netherlands, kingdom of Italy; Swiss republic; Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Confederation of the Rhine (union of all german states except Austria and Prussia)
); allied states (Russia, Austria, and Russia)
-demanded obedience
-tried to destroy old order→ nobility and clergy lost privileges
-merit; equality before law; religious toleration

46
Q

Battle at Trafalgar

A
  • Napoleon (with help of Spanish navy) couldn’t defeat the British navy
  • Britain’s survival= seapower; as long as they ruled the sea, they were invulnerable to military attack
47
Q

Continental System

A
  • it attempted to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically and destroy its capacity to wage war
  • FAILED
  • allied resented
  • new markets in Mediterranean and Latin America for British
48
Q

**Nationalism

A

-emphasis on fraternite= brotherhood

49
Q

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

A
  • philosopher; at first welcomed the French Revolution for freeing the human spirit
  • became a supporter of German national spirit radically different from that of France
  • awaken dream of German nationalism (19th century)
50
Q

Elba

A
  • where Napoleon was sent after he was defeated the first time
  • allowed to ruled this island
51
Q

Battle of Waterloo

A
  • Napoleon came back to France; still thought of himself as Emperor
  • Napoleon raised an army to fight allied forces
  • June 18 1814
  • Napoleon vs Prussian army and British army
  • LOST
52
Q

Saint Helena

A

-where Napoleon was exiled to the second time after coming back to France (Waterloo)

53
Q

Congress of Vienna

A
  • GB, Austria, Prussia, and Russia= Quadruple Alliance
  • defeated Napoleon→ restore Bourbon monarchy to France (Louis XVIII)
  • Congress of Vienna= In sept 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement
  • order established by Congress of Vienna managed to avoid general European conflict for almost 100 yrs
54
Q

Prince Klemens von Metternich

A
  • leader at Congress of Vienna
  • experience diplomat
  • conceited self assured
  • Metternich thought that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy
55
Q

principle of legitimacy

A
  • idea that peace should be established (after Napoleon) in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions
  • this was done in France and Spain (restoration of Bourbons) and in Italian states (rulers returned to throne)
  • some places ignored this
56
Q

balance of power

A
  • to prevent any one country from dominating Europe

- Prussia and Austria needed to be strengthened to balance Russia’s gains→ avoid great danger

AP Euro (22 decks)

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