Unit 7: Europe 1850-1914 Flashcards
1
Q
**Louis Napoleon
A
- 1808-1873
- first president of the French Second Empire–> became emperor Napoleon III
- chief of state
- improve worldwide economic economic prosperity as well as his own economic policies
- reconstruction of Paris; direction of Baron Haussmann
- liberalized regime
- not successful in Mexican foreign policy
2
Q
Baron Haussmann
A
- directed the reconstruction of Paris
- medieval parts were destroyed and replaced with modern stuff (boulevards; spacious buildings; circular plazas; public squares; underground sewage system; new public water supply; gaslights)
- military and aesthetic purpose
- broad streets make it difficult to put up barricades and easier for troops to move rapidly through cities to put down revolts
3
Q
Archduke Maximilian of Austria
A
- Napoleon installed him as emperor of Mexico
- when french troops were needed in europe; max became an emperor without an army
- surrendered to mexican liberal forces in may 1867; executed in june
4
Q
***The Crimean War
A
- 1854-8156
- ottoman empire declining
- start of war= 1853; Russians demanded right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine (already extended to french)–> Ottomans refuse; russians took 2 provinces→ couldn’t resolve; declare war oct 4, 1854
- 1855 March 28; Brit and France declare war on Russia bc british feared a upset in the balance of powers; french were insulted by russians bccongress of vienna and now replaced them as the protectors of christians living in the ottoman empire?
- Austrians didn’t help russians
- Treaty of Paris march 1856; russians forced to give up Bessarabia and accept neutrality of black sea
- 2 provinces under great powers’ control
- destroyed concert of europe and broke up long-standing european power relationships
5
Q
Florence Nightingale
A
- helped make nursing an admirable profession for middle class women
- more soldiers would have died if not for her in the Crimean War
- insistence on strict sanitary conditions saved lives
6
Q
***Victor Emmanuel II
A
- king of Piedmont
- Count Camillo di Cavour as prime minister in 1852
- became
7
Q
**Count Camillo di Cavour
A
- an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification
- economic expansion
- more money for large armies
- ???
8
Q
Giuseppe Garibaldi
A
-southern Italy
- new leader of italian unification; patriot; supported Mazzini and Young Italy
-army= Red Shirts
-won most of Sicily; wanted to march to rome
-Cavour thought that marching to rome would bring war with france (papal defenders); he didn’t let Garibaldi do this
-
9
Q
Zollverein
A
- German customs union; 1834
- formed by prussia
- eliminated tolls on rivers and roads in member states; stimulated trade and added to the prosperity of its member states
- 1825= all GErman states except austria joined Prussian dominated customs union
- middle class liberals began to see Prussia differently→ some thought it would bring German unification
10
Q
King William I
A
- king after Frederick William IV
- he and advisors believed that the mary was in dire need of change if prussia was to remain a great power
- wanted to double the size of it; institute 3 yrs of military service for all young men
- middle class liberals scared of this bc they believed the gov would use it to inculcate obedience to the monarchy and strengthen the influence of conservative-military clique in Prussia
11
Q
Count Otto von Bismarck
A
-prime minister
-determined course of modern German history
-
12
Q
Realpolitik
A
- politics of reality; politics based on practical concerns rather than theorists or ethics
- succeeded in guiding prussia’s unification of Germany
- moderate; waged war only when all other diplomatic alternatives had been exhausted and when he was reasonably sure that all the military and diplomatic advantages were on his side
- 1862-1866= he governed prussia by ignoring parliament; parliament did nothing
- wars were more diplomatic and political rather than military
- always made sure that prussia was fighting one opponent and that the opponent was isolated diplomatically
13
Q
**Schleswig-Holstein
A
- Danish war arose over these duchies
- Danish go wanted to incorporate the 2 duchies into denmark→ German nationalists didn’t like this bc both had large German population and regarded as German states
- Danes were defeated
- surrendered Schleswig and Holstein; Prussia took Schleswig and Austria administered Holstein
14
Q
***The Austro-Prussian War
A
- 1866
- russia and france= neutral
- austria and prussia isolated
- prussia had better weapons
- prusssian victory over austria and creation of N German Confederation= proved to NApoleon III’s dictum that nationalism and authoritarian gov could be combined
- Bismarck used nationalism to win support of liberals and prevent gov reform; liberalism and nationalism could be separated
15
Q
North German Confederation
A
- German states north of Main River organized into this during the austro-prussian war
- controlled by prussia
- southern states independent
- constitution= local gov; king of prussia was head of confederation; chancellor (bismarck) was responsibly directly to the king
16
Q
The Franco-Prussian War
A
- 1870-1871
- Bismarck and WIlliam I achieved goals (prussia dominate all of N Germany and Austria excluded from any sig role in german affairs)
- France would never be content with strong german states to its east bc of potential threat to French security
- Napoleon needed diplomatic triumph to offset domestic problems; French wanted to humiliated prussians
- Spain overthrowing Isabella II for Leopold (Hohenzollern)–> France is encircled by members of Hohenzollern dynasty
- TELEGRAM
- French lose war (pay 1 billion dollars)
- Germany merged into Prussia (not prussia into germany)
- William I= proclaimed emperor of Second German Empire
- NEW EUROPEAN BALANCE OF POWER
17
Q
***Ems Telegram
A
- telegram from William I for france
- Bismarck made it seem more insulting to France than it actually was–> French declare war
